“诏书”是中国古代以皇帝名义发出的命令或文书。在帝制时代的文书行政体系中，诏书等级最高，效力最强，是皇帝治国理政，沟通上下及内外的重要工具。汉代作为帝制确立后第一个长期维系的王朝，对后世的皇帝统治影响深远，同时留下了比秦代更为丰富的资料。因此，深入讨论汉代诏书与皇帝统治的关系不仅具有必要性，亦具有可行性。本文即意图揭示汉代皇帝如何利用诏书展开统治，而诏书又透露出皇帝统治具有怎样的特质，及其在实践中遇到了哪些问题。为避免单一角度的观察，本文分别从汉代诏书的起首语、形制和行用三个角度切入，主要采用文书学和历史学的方法讨论诏书与皇帝统治的关系。“制诏某官”是汉代最为常见的诏书起首语，然史书对该语多有删改，需要借助一定方法进行复原。同时，在“制诏某官”中“制诏”并非一词，而是“制”代表皇帝，作名词，“诏”表示告令，作动词。通常，在使用“制诏（某官）”的皇帝文书中君臣秩序和统属关系会显露得较为直白。汉代的皇帝命令或旨意有部分会使用长为一尺一寸的牍或板来记录。这个长度超出普通公文多用一尺的标准。此外，在诏书的书写格式上也有特殊要求，如对“皇帝”、“制（诏）”等字抬头提行。这些形制和书式上的特殊处理，是皇帝权威在诏书物质层面的体现，具有可视化的权威效应。由于“制”在汉代成为皇帝的象征与君权的体现，临朝太后通过“称制”的方式可以暂行天子事。但随着儒家思想对统治影响加深，围绕太后能否称“制”及外戚干政的问题引起了儒生的关注，他们以笔为武器，试图借助天意和经典的权威限制太后使用唯有皇帝才能称用的“制”，反映出汉儒对皇帝至尊性的进一步塑造。“恩泽诏书”是汉人对皇帝颁布的若干包含爱民、惠民举措诏书的统称。皇帝藉此一面宣扬统治的合法性，一面打造“爱民如子”的仁君形象，但“恩泽诏书”在地方的施行中却遇到“吏不奉宣”的情况，影响了诏书的执行效果。另外，东汉后期皇帝频繁使用“尺一诏”选举拜官的做法打破了原有的君臣分工，对政局产生波动，引发了部分朝臣的激烈反对。通过上述三例个案研究可以看出皇帝统治在汉代遇到的挑战和问题。这背后更深层的原因则与强调大一统的皇帝统治的固有矛盾相关，因而由此引发的问题在帝制时期长期存在，反复出现，难以根除。

“Edict” is an order or document issued by the emperor in imperial China. In the administrative system of documents in the era of imperialism, edicts have the highest rank and the strongest effectiveness. They are important tools for the emperor to govern the empire, and communicate up and down, inside and outside. The Han Dynasty （202 BCE to 220 CE） as the first long-term dynasty after the establishment of the monarchy had a profound influence on the later dynasties, and it left a richer historical data than the Qin Dynasty. Therefore, it is not only necessary but also feasible to research the relationship between the edicts of the Han Dynasty and the governance of the emperor in depth. This dissertation is intended to show how the emperor of the Han Dynasty used edicts to rule the empire, and edicts revealed what characteristics of the emperor‘s rule and what problems encountered in practice.To avoid a single angle of observation, this dissertation discusses the relationship between the edicts and the emperor‘s rule from the three perspectives of opening words, forms, and use of the edicts in the Han Dynasty, mainly using the methods of documentary and history.“Zhi zhao mou guan”（制诏某官）is the most common opening words of the edicts in the Han Dynasty. However, this part is often abridged in historical records， so it needs to be recovered by a certain method. Meanwhile, in the “Zhi zhao mou guan”（制诏某官）, “Zhi zhao ”（制诏）is not a word, but “Zhi ”（制）refers to the emperor, as a noun, and “Zhao”（诏）is used as a verb, means order. In general, in the emperor‘s edicts that use the “Zhi zhao mou guan”（制诏某官）, the subordinate relationship between the monarchs and ministers will be more straightforward.Some of the emperor‘s orders or wills will be recorded on a foot-by-inch （25cm） wooden board.in the Han Dynasty. This length exceeds the standard of one foot （23cm） for common government documents. Further, there are special requirements on the writing format of edicts, such as the word ＂emperor＂, “Zhi ”（制）,etc. These special regulations in form and script style are the reflection of the emperor‘s authority at the material level of the edicts, and have a visual authority effect.As the “Zhi ”（制）became a symbol of the emperor and the embodiment of monarchy in the Han Dynasty, the Empress Dowager could temporarily replace the emperor to rule by “Cheng zhi ”（称制）. But with the deepening influence of Confucianism on the governance, Confucianists opposed the empress dowager to continue to use the “Zhi ”（制）and the emperors‘ female-side relatives to interfere in politics. Using the pen as a weapon, they tried to borrow God‘s will and the authority of classics to restrict the empress dowager‘s use of “Zhi ”（制）.It Reflects the further shaping of Emperor‘s authority by Confucian scholars in Han Dynasty.“Enze Edicts”（恩泽诏书）is a general term for a number of edicts issued by the emperor of the Han Dynasty, including measures to love and benefit the people. The emperor used this to promote the legitimacy of the rule, and at the same time to create the image of a benevolent prince who loves the people like a child. However, in the implementation of the “Enze Edicts”（恩泽诏书）, it encountered a negative resistance from the officials, which affected the execution of the edicts. In addition, in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the emperor‘s frequent use of “Chi Yi zhao”（尺一诏）to appoint officials broke the original division of monarchs and ministers, causing fluctuations in the political situation and attracting opposition and criticism from some ministers. Through the above three case studies, we can see the challenges and problems encountered by the emperor in the Han Dynasty. The deeper reasons behind this are related to the inherent contradictions of the emperor‘s rule emphasizing great unification（大一统）. Therefore, the problems caused by it have existed for a long time during the imperial period, and they have repeatedly appeared and are difficult to eradicate.