国家教育考试制度是教育制度的重要组成部分，是教育治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要方面。以普通高考为代表的国家教育考试，利害程度高、保密级别高、考试规模大、社会关注度高，关涉千家万户。近年来国家教育考试领域矛盾纠纷不断增多，涉及对试题科学性的质疑、对违规作弊的惩治、对考试相关信息公开的要求等诸多方面，集中反映出国家教育考试中公权力与私权利的激烈冲突与博弈。但是，目前理论界对国家教育考试公权力与私权利的研究总体上系统性、深入性不足。因此，对国家教育考试公权力与私权利进行研究，具有很强的理论和实践意义。国家教育考试公权力与私权利是极富挑战性的研究课题。一是国家教育考试是一个庞大复杂的系统，涉及诸多利益相关者的关系，如果没有扎实的研究能力和相关知识背景，研究者极易浅尝辄止或难以完成研究任务；二是公权力与私权利的关系是国家教育考试中的重点与难点，其实质是相关主体的权利义务配置，可为依法治考提供可行路径，关系着国家教育考试的制度建设，影响到教育考试治理体系和治理能力现代化的实现程度。鉴于此，本文将研究限定在国家教育考试中考试机构与考生这对主体，主要围绕两者间的公权力与私权利展开，以期能够就该研究专题进行深入探讨。本文以国家教育考试中公权力与私权利为研究对象，采用政策文本研究、历史研究、比较研究和个案研究等方法，一是探讨国家教育考试中公权力与私权利的产生及两者间冲突的原因与表现形式，二是梳理考察我国从科举时代到近现代教育考试公权力与私权利冲突的历史，三是对我国现行国家教育考试制度下公权力与私权利的冲突进行理论分析、并对实践中的典型案例展开评析，四是比较域外国家和地区对教育考试公权力与私权利的规制模式、总结影响规制路径的因素，五是就我国国家教育考试公权力与私权利的规制提出思考结论和政策建议。全文共七章，在结构框架上大体分导论和正文两部分。导论重在阐明研究背景、明确研究对象和研究内容、界定国家教育考试等几个核心概念、对相关理论文献进行述评、介绍论文的研究思路、研究难点和可能的创新点。正文部分基本上遵循提出问题、分析问题和解决问题的逻辑思路，围绕国家教育考试中的公权力与私权利进行历史考察、现实研究和比较研究，在此基础上提出论文的研究结论与政策建议，最后对研究进行反思和展望。

The national education examination system is an important part of the education systems, and is an important aspect of the modernization of the educational governance system and the educational governance ability. The national education examination, represented by the national college entrance examination, has a high degree of interest, a high level of confidentiality, a large scale of examinations, a high degree of social concern, involving thousands of households. In recent years, there have been more and more contradictions and disputes in the field of national education examination, which involve questions about the scientific nature of examination questions, punishment for cheating, and requirements for the disclosure of relevant information. They mainly reflect the fierce conflicts and game between the public power and the private rights in the national education examinations. However, at present, the research on the national education examination and the public power and the private rights in the national education examinations is not thorough or systematic. Therefore, it is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the public power and the private rights in the national education examinations.The research on the public power and the private rights in the national education examinations is very challenging. Firstly, the system of the national education examination is a huge and complex system, involving many stakeholders' relations; if not having the solid research ability and relevant knowledge background, the researchers very easily are unable to complete the research task. Secondly, the relationship between the public power and the private rights is the key and difficult point in the national education examinations. The essence of the relationship is the rights and obligations of the relevant subjects. It is related to the system construction of national education examination, which affects the degree of modernization of the educational examination management system and the ability of governance. In view of this, in order to study deeply, this paper will limit the scope of study on the subject of examination organizers (examination authorities) and the test takers in the national education examinations, which mainly focus on the public power and the private rights between them.This paper takes the public power and the private rights as the research object in the national education examinations and adopts the methods of policy text research, historical research, comparative study and case study. The contents of the research are as follows: Firstly, it aims to explore the emergence of the public power and the private rights in the national education examinations and the causes and manifestations of the conflicts between them; Secondly it studies the history of the conflicts between the public power and the private rights in China from imperial examination to modern educational examination. Thirdly, it analyzes the conflicts between the public power and the private rights under the current national education examination system, and analyzes the typical cases in practice. Fourthly, it compares the regulation mode of the public power and the private rights in the educational examinations of the countries and regions outside of China, and sums up the factors affecting the regulation path. Fifthly, it puts forward the thinking conclusions and the policy suggestions on the regulation of the public power and the private rights in China's national education examinations.The thesis consists of seven chapters, which are divided into two parts: introduction and text on the structure frame. The introduction focuses on clarifying the research background, defining the research object and content, defining the national education examination and other core concepts, reviewing the relevant theoretical documents, introducing the research ideas , the difficulties and the innovations of the thesis. The paper basically follows the logical thinking of raising questions, analyzing problems and solving problems, and makes historical investigation, realistic research and comparative study on the public power and the private rights in the national education examination. On this basis, the paper puts forward the research conclusions and policy suggestions, summarizes the deficiency in the research, and offers a proposal to the future research.