污水处理厂（WWTPs）是抗生素和抗生素抗性基因（ARGs）的汇集地。城市WWTPs普遍采用生物处理工艺，其稳定运行依赖于微生物降解污染物的功能。目前对其中的抗生素、微生物群落和ARGs的长期动态变化研究较少。针对此问题，本论文采用高通量测序和高通量定量PCR等技术，全面地检测并分析了北京某城市WWTP连续13个月的相关数据，旨在为认识WWTP中ARGs的转化机制并预测其去除效率提供理论依据。分析了进水、活性污泥（AS）和膜生物反应器（MBR）出水中的抗生素浓度及其去除效果。发现春季和冬季时污水中的抗生素浓度较高，其中浓度最高的一直为氧氟沙星（OFL），且在春季进水中达到峰值1055.14 ± 191.22 ng/L。AS吸附的抗生素中，以氟喹诺酮类抗生素为主，其中OFL的吸附量最高，平均为9481.43 ± 916.93 ng/g。所有检测的抗生素全年平均去除率为59.25 ± 2.79%。抗生素在MBR中的去除主要依靠生物降解和污泥吸附作用，而微滤膜的去除效果可忽略不计。因此，尤其在冬季与春季，WWTPs应重点关注氟喹诺酮类抗生素，特别是氧氟沙星。分析了进水、AS和MBR出水中微生物群落的长期动态变化及其影响因素。发现持续物种保证了AS整体群落结构的稳定性，进水持留物种（residue）提高了AS群落的多样性，而核心物种则维持了其功能稳定性。AS中有6.76 ± 5.71%的持留物种来源于进水群落，其群落同时受随机性和确定性因素的影响。分析了进水、AS和MBR出水中ARGs和移动遗传元件（MGEs）的长期动态变化及影响因素。发现WWTP内的抗生素浓度与ARGs丰度之间不存在普遍关联性。人类病原菌丰度与ARGs和MGEs丰度呈显著正相关，它们可能是ARGs的宿主。在AS中，MGEs对ARGs具有显著的直接正向影响。MGEs多与氨基糖苷类、beta内酰胺类、多药类和大环内酯?林可酰胺−链阳霉素B（MLSB）类等抗性基因长期相关。其中，整合子临床intI1和intI1、转座子Tn21可能更频繁地参与了AS中ARGs的水平基因转移。因临床intI1与更多数量的ARGs显著相关，且与人类病原菌丰度关系更密切，同时出水临床intI1的丰度与所有类别ARGs的去除率均呈显著负相关，其是指征污水处理系统中ARGs的丰度水平和去除效能的优选参数。

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the hotspots for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Biological treatment processes are the most widely adopted technologies in WWTPs. The successful operation of biological treatment primarily depends on the functional stability of microbial communities that remove pollutants. Currently, there are few studies on the long-term variations of antibiotics, microbial communities and ARGs. Focusing on these problems, in this study, high-throughput sequencing， high-throughput quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the related technologies were adopted to comprehensively monitor and analyze the relevant data of a WWTP in Beijing. The goal was to provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanism and predicting the efficiency of ARGs removal in WWTP.The concentrations and removal efficiencies of antibiotics in the influent, activated sludge (AS) and membrane bioreactor (MBR) permeate were analyzed. The concentrations of antibiotics in the wastewater were higher in spring and winter. Among which, the concentration of ofloxacin (OFL) was always the highest over 13 months, with its peak at 1055.14 ± 191.22 ng/L during spring. OFL was also the highest one that was adsorbed by AS with an average adsorption of 9481.43 ± 916.93 ng/g. The average removal rate of all detected antibiotics was 59.25 ± 2.79% over 13 months, attributed mainly by biodegradation and sludge adsorption, while the removal by microfiltration was negligible. Therefore, particularly in spring and winter, fluoroquinolones, especially OFL, should be given more attention in the WWTP.The long-term dynamics and influencing factors of microbial communities in the influent, AS and permeate were analyzed. The stability of overall community structure of AS was ensured by the persistent species, while its diversity was enriched by the residual species from influent. Besides, the functional stability of the system was maintained by the core community of AS. For AS community, 6.76 ± 5.71% of their total relative abundance was migrated from the influent community, and was affected by both stochastic and deterministic factors.The long-term dynamics and influencing factors of ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in the influent, AS and permeate were analyzed. The absolute abundance of ARGs and MGEs in the influent had no significant seasonal differences, while the abundance of ARGs and MGEs in the AS peaked in spring. Generally, there were few correlations between the antibiotic concentrations and the abundance of ARGs in the WWTP. The relative abundance of human pathogens had significantly positive correlations with the abundance of ARGs and MGEs, indicating they might be the host of ARGs. MGEs had a significantly direct and positive effect on ARGs in the AS. Integrase and transposase genes were more frequently associated with aminoglycosides, beta lactams, multidrugs and macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB) resistance genes over time. Among them, integraon clinical intI1 and intI1, as well as transposon Tn21 may participate more frequently in the horizontal gene transfer of ARGs in the AS.Clinical intI1 was associated with more ARGs and stronger correlated with the abundance of human pathogen. Meanwhile, the abundance of clinical intI1 in the permeate had significantly negative relationships with the removal rates of all types of ARGs. Therefore, clinical intI1 was determined as an optimal index to indicate the abundance level and removal efficiency of ARGs in the WWTP.