20世纪80年代以来，随着经济社会的持续发展，中国农村出现了发展悖论。面对中国农村的发展悖论所带来的公共治理危机，中国提出实施乡村振兴战略的重大决策部署，在既往探索经验的基础上，通过选派驻村第一书记、驻村工作队员等方式全面向农村地区注入领导力资源。本研究从集体行动理论出发，综合质性与量化的混合研究方法，深入探讨领导力与中国农村集体行动的内在因果机制。本研究首先采用有序回归(Ordered Probit)和倾向得分匹配(PSM)方法，实证检验了领导力对于农村集体行动的影响。随后采用“结构化-实用化-情景化(SPS)”案例研究方法，通过深度访谈和虚拟民族志的方式，从领导者视角初步分析了领导力对集体行动的作用机制；接着又从参与者的视角，通过扎根理论(Grounded theory)的方式，分析了公众参与集体行动的公共服务动机及其影响因素。最后结合质性研究的结论，基于制度分析与发展(IAD)框架的基础架构，从行动者视角构建了解释中国农村集体行动的领导-动机-制度(LMI)框架，采用分层线性模型(HLM)进行了计量实证。通过以上实证研究，本研究获得如下研究结论：第一，领导力对于集体行动具有显著的正向促进作用；第二，领导力是集体行动得以发起的决定性因素，也是集体行动能否成功动员的关键变量，有责任心、自信、热情、公正等领导者特质和信任建构、愿景共启、责任激发、情感认同、行为鼓舞等变革型领导行为在集体行动动员过程中具有重要的促进作用；第三，同情心、公共利益承诺、自我牺牲精神、声誉需求等四类公共服务动机是公众是否自愿参与集体行动的决定性因素，同时又受到领导力和理性心理评估的影响；第四，领导力均通过公共服务动机的显著正向中介作用影响集体行动。本研究的理论贡献在于两个方面。第一，首次探究了中国情境下的领导力对集体行动的影响与内在机制，一方面实证检验了领导力对集体行动的直接影响，另一方面进一步深入探究了领导力与集体行动之间复杂的作用机制，即领导力会显著地通过正向影响公众的公共服务动机，进而影响公众的集体行动参与行为，丰富了集体行动理论的意蕴和内涵；第二，首次探究了中国情境下公众的公共服务动机结构、典型特征及其对集体行动的影响，展现了中国场景给公共服务动机研究带来的机会，拓展了公共服务动机理论的研究对象和研究场域，为发展公共管理的“中层理论”贡献了来自中国农村的经验证据，也为改进乡村治理中的领导实践提供了有意义的参考。

Since the 1980s, with the economy and society’s quick development, there has been a development paradox in rural China. On the one hand, farmers' living standards have been greatly improved with rural economic development and hardware infrastructure improvement. On the other hand, rural grassroots organizations in many regions are weak and scattered, social governance capabilities become weak, and the subsequent emergence of rural environmental sanitation, farmland water conservancy, ecological environment and other public things have shown a general decline, the supply of public goods in rural areas is generally facing the "last mile" problem. Faced with the public governance crisis brought about by the development paradox of China's rural areas, China proposed a major decision-making arrangement for implementing the Rural Revitalization strategy. On the basis of past exploration and experience, it strengthened the party's leadership over all work and fully inject leadership resources into rural areas by sending excellent leaders to the villages to serve as the first secretary. Based on the theory of collective action, this study comprehensively combines qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore the internal causal mechanisms of leadership and collective action in rural China.In this study, the Ordered Probit and Propensity Score Matching methods are used to validate the impact of leadership on rural collective action. Then this research adopts the “Structured-Pragmatic- Situational (SPS)” case study method, takes the collective action event of the “Breaked Road” in Q Village of Central China as an example, through in-depth interviews and virtual ethnography, analyzes the mechanism of leadership's action on collective action from the leader perspective, that is, the characteristics of leaders will influence the initiation of collective action, while the transformational leadership behavior will promote the mobilization of collective action. Then from the perspective of participants, through the theory of grounded theory, the research analyzes the Public Service Motivation and its influence on the collective action with the NVIVO software. Finally, based on the conclusions of qualitative research, based on the infrastructure of the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, a Leadership-Motivation-Institution (LMI) framework for interpreting collective action in rural China was constructed from the perspective of actors, and the village household survey was conducted in 2018. The data of 1044 households in 238 villages in 18 provinces were obtained and measured by a Hierarchical Linear Model (HLM). Through the above empirical research, this study has obtained the following research conclusions:First, leadership has a significant positive effect on collective action. The first secretary policy is of great significance for improving public governance in rural China. Second, leadership is the decisive factor for collective action to be initiated, and also the key variable for successful mobilization. Leadership traits such as responsibility, self-confidence, enthusiasm, impartiality and transformational leadership behaviors like trust construction, vision sharing, responsibility motivating, emotional identification, behavioral inspiration, have important promotion in the process of collective action mobilization. The role has laid the foundation for the success of collective action. Third, the four types of Public Service Motivation (PSM) such as compassion, public interest commitment, self-sacrifice, and reputational demand are the decisive factors for the public to participate in collective action voluntarily, and at the same time the PSM is influenced by leadership and rational psychological assessment. Fourth, both leadership traits and transformational leadership behaviors both influence collective action through the significant positive mediation of PSM.The theoretical contribution of this research lies in two aspects. First, for the first time, it explores the influence and internal mechanism of leadership in China's context on collective action. On the one hand, it empirically tests the direct influence of leadership on collective action. On the other hand, it further explores the complexity between leadership and collective action. The mechanism is, the leadership in the Chinese context will significantly influence the public's PSM, which in turn affects the public's collective action participation behavior, enriching the meaning and connotation of collective action theory. Second, it is the first exploration of the PSM structure and its impact on collective action in the Chinese context, and it shows the opportunities brought by the Chinese scene to the study of PSM. It has contributed empirical evidence from rural China to the development of “middle-level theory” of public management, and also provided a meaningful reference for improving leadership practice in rural governance.