身处时代变局之中，为寻求中国变革之路，康有为展开了他的探索历程。《孔子改制考》是康有为的代表作之一，对近代中国的学术、政治与思想变革有其影响。本论文以康有为《孔子改制考》一书为对象，尝试对这一文本的思想脉络与历史影响进行阐释、研究。《孔子改制考》体裁博大，范畴与议题多样，由康有为在弟子协助下编撰而成。其版本源流可分为刊行本与进呈本两大系统。其文本生成，经历了1878年至1888年若干范畴与议题的酝酿、1888年至1891年今文经学立场的确立、1891年至1897年核心范畴与主要议题的凸显等三个阶段。康有为认为，中国上古时代“茫昧无稽”，诸子纷纷通过托古来达到改制与创教的目的。承继晚清诸子学复兴之风，通过考辨“古今学术源流”、论证“百家皆孔子之学”，康有为在比较视野中对先秦诸子展开多维透视，他对近代诸子学发展有其贡献。在康有为看来，孔子托古无不可托，改制无所不在；孔子亲手制作六经作为托古改制的文本载体；孔子托古改制的一大关键在于，托文王行君主制，托尧舜行民主制。通过对今文经学思想的拓展、改造与转化，康有为塑造了孔子作为一名改革者的形象，从而为其变法活动提供了思想基础。康有为还展现了儒教在春秋时由孔子创立，经战国、秦汉逐渐兴盛，到汉武帝之后一统天下的基本历程。康有为的孔教思想拥有民族主义与世界主义两个维度，民族主义立足于近代中国的现实变革，世界主义则指向世界大同的未来图景。本论文从《孔子改制考》出发，分别探讨了戊戌变法与孔教运动。康有为编纂《孔子改制考》旨在推动变法；反对派的攻击与责难，从一个侧面反衬出《孔子改制考》对戊戌变法的相当影响；戊戌变法既是一场政治变革，又是一次思想文化启蒙，《孔子改制考》在这两方面对戊戌变法都有其促进作用。近代孔教运动兴起的一大背景与原因在于，西方势力入侵中国引发的“教案”问题与多重危机；戊戌时期的“保教”与民国初期的“立国教”，是孔教运动的两次高潮；孔教运动虽然问题颇多、争论不止，但有其抗争外来侵略、保存民族文化的一面。
In the changing times and in order to seek the road of reformation of China, K’ang Yu-wei carried out his exploring process. A Study of Confucius’ Reform is one of K’ang Yu-wei’s magnum opus, and it had an influence on the reformation of modern China in academic, politics and ideology. Taking K’ang Yu-wei’s A Study of Confucius’ Reform as the object, this dissertation attempts to illuminate and research the thinking venation and historical influence of this text.A Study of Confucius’ Reform has a broad genre, multiple concepts and topics, and it was compiled by K’ang Yu-wei and his students. Its version filiation can be divided into two big systems, one is the publication version, and the other is the presented version. Its text generation experienced three major phases: the preparation of some concepts and topics from 1878 to 1888, the establishment of the standpoint of New Text Scholarship from 1888 to 1891, and the highlighting of core concepts and major topics from 1891 to 1897. K’ang Yu-wei pointed out that the history of ancient times of China was vague, and it had no way to study it, so Pre-Qin Thinkers could achieve their purpose of reform and creating a religion depending on ancient tradition. Inheriting the fashion of reviving of Pre-Qin Thinkers’ Learning in Late-Qing, by studing and comparing “ancient and modern academic origin” and demonstrating “all schools are based on the learning of Confucius”, K’ang Yu-wei made a multidimensional research and analysis on Pre-Qin Thinkers by comparing views, and he made a contribution to the developing of Pre-Qin Thinkers’ Learning in modern times. In the view of K’ang Yu-wei, Confucius’ reform could depend on all ancient things, and he made an ubiquitous reform; Confucius took Six Classics as the text carrier of reform depending on ancient tradition; A key of Confucius’ reform depending on ancient tradition was implementing the sovereign system by depending on Zhou Wenwang, and implementing democracy by depending on Yao and Shun. Through the expansion, alteration and transformation of the ideology of New Text Scholarship, K’ang Yu-wei shaped Confucius’ image as a reformer, which provided an ideological basis for his political reform activity. K’ang Yu-wei also presented a basic process from the founding of Confucianism by Confucius in Spring and Autumn Period, to the flourish in Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, and to the whole country was unified after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. K’ang Yu-wei’s Confucianism has two dimensions, one is nationalism and the other is cosmopolitanism. Nationalism is based on the actual reform of modern China, while cosmopolitanism points to the future picture of great harmony.From the perspective of A Study of Confucius’ Reform, this dissertation disscusses Reform Movement of 1898 and Movement of Confucianism respectively. K’ang Yu-wei hoped to promote political reform through A Study of Confucius’ Reform; The attack and blame of the Opposition reflected the considerable influence of A Study of Confucius’ Reform on Reform Movement of 1898 from a side; Reform Movement of 1898 is not only a political revolution but also an enlightenment of ideology and culture, and A Study of Confucius’ Reform has its positive significance for Reform Movement of 1898 in these two aspects. Movement of Confucianism in modern times sprung up from the court cases and multiple crisises triggered by the invading China of the West; The protecting Confucianism in Wuxu period and the establishing national religion in the early Republic are the two climaxes of Movement of Confucianism; Althought Movement of Confucianism has many problems and arguments, It has an aspect of struggling against the external invasion and preserving the national culture.
