近年来，随着科学在当今的诸多社会议题中扮演着越来越重要的角色，科学与社会的关系日益发生着变化。作为社会的子系统，科学与媒介的互动关系越来越成为传播学和科学社会学领域的研究热点。“科学媒体化”理论为我们重新思考和厘清科学与媒介的关系提供了崭新的理论进路，尤其是当我们反思二者的互动在何种程度上对科学进程产生影响之时。 本文以西方学者提出的“科学媒体化”为理论框架，旨在探究中国语境下，科学与媒介的互动关系及其对科学知识生产的影响。具体而言，本文聚焦于气候科学和生物技术两大科学研究领域，并在此基础上选取雾霾、气候变化和转基因三个科学议题，通过三个独立又相互关联的实证研究，完整而全面地对“科学媒体化”这一理论概念的“在地化”进行考察。本文的研究重点包括：科学议题在媒体呈现中的“媒体化”特征；中国科学家与媒体互动的特点及对“媒体导向”的感知；影响中国科学家“媒体化”的各种因素，以及这种互动对科学家的科学决策、科学进程所产生的可能的影响。 在媒体呈现上，研究发现，媒体报道中的“科学媒体化”因其学科的“认知文化”差异而不同，雾霾议题具有显著的“媒体化”特征，转基因议题呈现出“部分媒体化”特征，而气候变化议题则属于“较少媒体化”的类型；遵循一定的“议题关注周期”规律；不同的媒体间存在“多重话语空间”的争夺。此外，“科学媒体化”在中国媒体上突出地表现为“政治化”，即政治话语的地位远远超过科学的自治性话语。 在个体感知上，中国科学家的“媒体化”现象的确存在，却是有限度的、有抵抗的存在，并带有很强的“政治导向”。具体来说，科学家的媒体互动并没有形成一种常态机制，科学家仍然是“被动的传播者”； 科学家通过采取一些“策略性传播”手段，以提高自身在与媒体接触过程中的风险控制能力；媒体接触对一小部分科学家申请科研经费或作出科研决策有所影响，但这种影响并未触及科学知识生产的实质。 在影响因素上，中国科学家与媒体互动的频率和强度、对媒体标准的调试和采纳受科学家个体的媒体熟悉度、与媒体接触的过往经历和期望等因素的影响，同时与科学家所感受到的组织规范、同行认可和机构支持也显著相关。
In recent years, as science plays an increasingly important role in many social issues, the relationship between science and society is changing accordingly. As subsystems of society, the interaction between science and media has gradually become a research hotspot in the fields of both communication and sociology of science. The “medialization of science” theory provides us with a new theoretical approach to rethink and clarify the relationship between science and the media, especially when we reflect on the extent to which the interaction between the two affects the process of science.This article uses the theoretical framework of “medialization of science” proposed by western scholars to explore the interaction between science and media and its influence on the production of scientific knowledge in the Chinese context. Specifically, this article focuses on two scientific research fields, i.e., climate science and biotechnology, and on this basis, selects three scientific issues, i.e., haze, climate change, and genetically modified organism (GMO). Through three independent and interrelated empirical studies, the “localization” of this theory is examined comprehensively. The article’s focuses are as follows: the “medialization” characteristics of certain scientific issues when presented on the media; Chinese scientists’ interaction with media and their perception of ‘media-oriented’ science; factors that influence the “medialization” of Chinese scientists, and its impact on scientists’ decision making and on the process of science.In terms of media presentation, the study finds that the extent of medialization of science varies among different scientific disciplines according to “epistemic cultures” theory, more specifically, coverage on the haze is medialized to a large extent and in all four dimensions; coverage on GMO appears to be partially medialized while climate change issue falls into the category of less medialized. Importantly, media coverage on scientific issues follows “issue-attention cycles” and “multiple discourse space” exists among various media outlets. In addition, medialization of science is significantly featured as “politicized” in the Chinese media, that is, the power of political discourse far exceeds the autonomic discourse of science.In terms of scientists’ individual perception, the medialization phenomenon does exist, but in a limited and resistant way, and with a strong “political orientation”. More specifically, scientists’ interaction with media is not routinized, and Chinese scientists are still passive communicators in a large part. Several strategic communication methods are adopted by scientists to improve their ability to control risks when contacting with the media. As a result, media contact does affect a small number of scientists when applying for research funding or making scientific decisions, but this effect has not yet touched the essence of scientific knowledge production.In terms of influencing factors, 1) the frequency and intensity of the interaction between Chinese scientists and the media, and 2) the adaptation and adoption of media criteria, are both influenced by scientists’ media familiarity, their past experience with and expectations on media exposure. Besides, the organizational norms, the reputation in scientific community, and institutional support are also significantly relevant to Chinese scientists’ medialization.
