传统民居建筑环境及其营建过程中积累了很多丰富的生态经验和智慧哲学，具有很多方面的生态价值和社会人文意义，也是可供当代设计师借鉴的宝贵参考和重要的历史学习资源。本文基于系统学、生态学和人居环境科学的理论，将传统民居建筑环境的生态系统视为一个开放性的耗散结构自组织系统，结合国内外具体传统人居聚落案例实地考察和建筑物理量化手段，通过对建筑环境系统的结构要素、生态功能策略及其演化性质的研究，寻求传统民居建筑环境生态系统的一般机理与演化规律。首先是证明“是什么（what）”的问题，即传统生态经验都包括了哪些具体的做法，这些做法对于满足人们生存生活需求、提升人居环境舒适度都有哪些表现。本文将研究对象聚焦到国内外具有典型代表性的传统人居聚落环境。首先以北京西部爨底下山地合院聚落为例阐述传统民居建筑环境的生态要素-结构-功能体系，并以爨底下传统山地合院典型民居和皖南宏村传统天井院典型民居的环境功能实测和模拟为例阐述这些生态要素结构的具体环境功能表征。同时，意大利南部传统民居聚落阿尔贝罗贝洛特鲁洛圆顶石屋和马泰拉石窟建筑室内外环境热工性能等各个生态系统的要素结构和我国的实践都有一定差异，但这些要素结构对于室内居住环境舒适度的功能表征却都是一致的，建筑环境生态系统的要素表征属性及演化变迁过程中存在有个体差异的总体相似性。此外，这些传统人居环境聚落都是善于学习、富于创造的组织系统，每一个独特的人居环境聚落在其营建变迁的过程中都具有生态适应性的能力。在与自然对抗的过程中学会与自然对话、融合并产生能量、物质、信息的持续正交换，呈现出一种熵减形态的耗散结构。正是这种传统低熵组织的演化和变迁才凸显了无限的生命张力和文化多样性。其次是探讨“怎样（how）”的问题。在将传统民居建筑环境营造过程中符合生态智慧的共性特征归纳提炼为设计结合自然地形、采用地方材料、适应地方气候、符合经济适用、延续传统文化等几大方面主要共性特征及具体的生态设计策略的基础上，进一步梳理了世界各国近当代对传统生态经验的当代研究和实践都有哪些进展，在现今遗存的老旧建筑环境中如何延续这些传统生态经验，在新的设计实践中如何利用这些传统生态经验，如何利用量化手段来协助设计、矫正设计中的偏差等问题。本文的目标不仅在于认识和剖析传统人居聚落建筑环境系统各具体结构要素的特点和规律，通过量化手段分析这些生态营建要素影响下传统建筑物理环境包括热、光
Most of the worldwide traditional settlements’ architectural environment and their construction process accumulated a lot of ecological experience and wisdom, also rich in cultural value and social significance, thus are valuable design reference and important historical learning resources for contemporary designers. Based on the theory of systematic science, ecology science and human settlement science, this dissertation views the ecological system of traditional settlement building environment as an open and dissipative structure of self-organization system, combining cases study of typical traditional settlements from China and Italy with quantitative measurement to research the structural elements of the build environment ecosystem and their physical performance. Then further analyze the ecological function strategy and its evolution path, to induct the general mechanism and evolution law of traditional settlement’s building environment ecosystem. The first step in methodology is to prove the question of WHAT, what specific practices are included in traditional ecological building experience, and what kinds of impact they have meant to improve the comfort of their living environment. This dissertation expounds the specific environmental functions of eco-structural elements in the typical traditional settlement and mountain terrace courtyard dwellings of Cuandixia Village in western Beijing and the traditional water houses in southern Anhui village. Meanwhile, these practices of eco-structural elements and their performance in Chinese traditional settlements find similarity in other global settlements’ building experiences, like the two cases of Albelobelo Trulli and Matera Sassi in southern Italy. Although their location, geography, climate, material and building technique are difference, they all emphasize the use and recycling of natural resources such as land, rain, sunlight, wind, etc., and achieve similar comfortable indoor and outdoor environmental thermal performance. These individual differences and overall similarity exists in the characteristics of elements and evolution in time and space of these traditional settlements’ architectural environment ecosystem. In addition, these creative organization systems of traditional human settlements are good at natural learning, each unique settlement learn to obtain ecological adaptability during the process of construction and evolution. They confrontation with nature while learn to dialogue with nature, fuse and produce energy, material and information, and present a dissipative structure of entropy minus form. The continuous evolution and change of these low entropy organizations of traditional settlements’ architectural environment ecosystem, highlights the infinite life vitality and cultural diversity. Then second is to explore the question of HOW. Based on the common characteristics of ecological wisdom in the process of building environmental construction of traditional dwellings and settlements, this dissertation summarizes the main common ecological building strategies of design combined with natural geography, using local materials, adapting to local climate, conforming to economic restriction and expressing traditional local culture. Then further analyze how to use these common strategies in the progress of contemporary research and practice on traditional ecological experience in typical countries of the world. How to reuse these traditional ecological experiences in the old building’s renovation, how to use the traditional ecological experience in the new design practice, how to use the quantification method in design and so on. The aim of this dissertation is not only to understand and analyze the characteristics and rules of the specific structural elements of the traditional human settlement’s architectural environment ecosystem, but to analyze the traditional building physical environment comfortable performance including thermal, humid, light, wind by means of quantitative analysis, coordinates the relations of various elements, and to extract the corresponding ecological function strategy, so that to help revive the ecological building experiences of these traditional settlements’ architectural environment in modern sustainable design process.
