生物多样性是人类社会赖以生存和发展的基础，鸟类作为生态系统中重要的组成部分，对环境变化十分敏感，这使得鸟类分布问题不仅是传统鸟类学和生物地理学的研究热点，也为全球变化生态学所关注。物种地理分布数据是生物多样性研究及保育计划的基础，然而，中国目前还没有一套较为完整、空间尺度较小，并且可公开获取的鸟类分布数据。因此，本文通过对中国区域鸟类物种分布的动物志书、文献、观鸟记录等数据进行整理汇总，建立了基于多源数据的中国鸟类分布数据库与网络共享平台。并利用本数据库，结合遥感影像数据探索分析中国土地覆盖/土地利用类型变化与鸟类时空分布格局之间的响应关系，以及利用改进的物种分布模型对中国禽流感疫源鸟类的时空分布格局进行模拟，结论如下：（1）本数据库以《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》（第二版）为分类系统，共有1371种鸟类，隶属24目、101科，数据覆盖全国34个省、369个市、2908个县区。数据库中包含鸟种基本信息（分类信息-中英文名-拉丁名）、分布信息（县域-省域-动物地理亚区）、文献信息等。并搭建中国鸟类分布网络共享平台，这是迄今中国范围内全面细致并且公开获取的鸟类分布数据平台，并且基于此数据库，发现有多种鸟类已超越原有分布区域。（2）土地覆盖类型对鸟类时空分布格局模型整体解释力较高，并且所有模型都是极显著；模型解释力在不同月份间存在一定波动，候鸟在迁徙季节对于土地覆盖的变化更加敏感；不同居留型鸟类对于土地覆盖表现出时空差异。（3）人类活动区域相比植被区域具有较少的鸟类物种及较单一的种类组成，土地利用变化在一定程度上导致了物种丰富度及物种组成的减少，鸟类物种丰富度季节性变化由于人类活动的增强而有所简化。中国东中部区域相比西部区域而言，东中部地区的变化对于生物生存栖息有着更大的影响，尤其是对于候鸟的迁徙和繁殖过程。（4）不同的禽流感疫源鸟类在不同月份具有较大的分布差异，总体上集中分布在长江中下游区域、华北平原、蒙古高原、横断山脉、喜马拉雅山脉南麓部分地区以及秦岭等区域。各环境变量对各禽流感疫源鸟类分布的相对贡献同样具有差异，整体上，温度（最高、最低温）和辐射（长波）在大多数月份起主要作用。
Biodiversity is the foundation of the living and development of human society. Birds, as an important component of the ecological system, are very sensitive to environmental change, which makes its distribution problem is not only a hot spot in the traditional ornithological and biogeographical research, also in global change ecology. Species and geographical data distribution is the basis of biodiversity research and conservation project, however, China still doesn’t have a relatively complete, smaller spatial scale and open-accessed temporal birds distribution data. Therefore, in this paper, a spatiotemporal distribution database based on multi-source data of birds in china is established by collecting animal annals, literatures and data like birding records of Chinese bird distribution. Using the data in the Birds Distribution Database to explore and analysis the response relation between the land cover/land using pattern and the spatiotemporal distribution of birds combining with remote sensing imaging data, and to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of Chinese bird flu epidemic by taking advantage of the improved species distribution model, the following conclusions were made: (1) This database uses the Classification and Distribution List of the Chinese Birds (Second Edition) as the reference of classification system, collects a total number of 1371 birds species, which belongs to 24 orders, 101 families, covered 34 provinces/regions, 369 cities/prefectures, and 2908 counties/districts, and contains basic information of birds categories (including classifing information, both Chinese and English name, Latin name), distributive information (county - provincial - animal geographical sub districts) and literature information (data from literature). Compared with other bird databases, this database refines more bird distribution information.(2). Land cover types had a overall higher explanation to the spatiotemporal distribution pattern of birds and all models were extremely significant; the explanatory dynamics of the model was of certain fluctuant in different months, and the migratory birds were more sensitive to land cover changes during the seasonal migration; different resident birds showed temporal and spatial difference to land cover. (3). Compared with the vegetation region, human-active areas (crop and urban areas) had few avian species and single species composition. The change of land using in some content resulted in the decrease of species richness and species composition, and seasonal change of bird species richness simplified due to the enhancement of human activities. Large scale of agricultural and urbanizing activities in the east and central China destroyed native environment of many creatures. Compared with the western regional land using change, the variation of the middle and eastern China had greater impact on the biological survival habitat, especially for the migration and reproduction process of the migratory birds. (4). The distribution of different bird species in risk of avian influenza virus varied greatly in different months with an overall distribution in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River, North China Plain, the Mongolian Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, the south Himalayas, and Qinling. Environmental variables contributed differently to each bird species in risk of avian influenza virus distribution. Overall, temperature (in particular, maximum temperature and minimum temperature) and radiation (long wave radiation) in most months played the main role.
