宇宙空间中的高能粒子辐射容易导致航天电子系统工作异常、寿命缩短，进而影响到航天器的安全运行。研究表明，造成航天电子系统工作异常的主要来源是空间质子辐照。西北核技术研究所和清华大学将合作建设基于加速器的空间质子辐照地面模拟装置 XiPAF 用于研究空间质子辐照效应。XiPAF 的加速器主体部分是一台最高能量为 230 MeV 的小型质子同步加速器。为了满足 XiPAF 装置的整体需求，该小型质子同步加速器主要设计思路是：1. 为了控制装置的规模与造价，使用 7 MeV 的注入能量；2. 每个工作周期加速较多的束流以达到较高的辐照实验效率；3. 应用慢引出技术获得适用于辐照应用的连续束流。论文工作针对该小型质子同步加速器的关键物理和技术问题展开，完成了一套物理设计方案，设计研制了用于该同步环的加载磁合金的高频加速系统。论文针对 XiPAF 的需求深入探讨了其同步加速器物理设计方案。论文提出并设计了具有结构紧凑、漂移节长、振幅函数小等优点的 lattice 布局。在该 lattice 的基础上，设计了基于剥离注入技术的注入系统与束流横向涂抹机制，使得该同步环可以高效率地注入较多的粒子数。论文设计并模拟了应用双谐波的束流加速机制，使束团沿纵向分布更加均匀，减弱了加速初期的空间电荷效应。利用 lattice 的光学特性，优化了引出元件的布局，大大降低了引出元件的设计难度；进一步通过对慢引出过程的模拟计算，优化了慢引出系统参数，获得了均匀的慢引出束流。XiPAF计划应用低能量（< 60 MeV）的束流，而低能阶段的慢引出过程将受到较强的空间电荷效应的影响。论文通过理论分析与模拟计算，较深入地分析了空间电荷效应对引出束流的时间结构和空间结构的影响。论文工作的另一主要内容是设计研制用于 XiPAF 同步环的高频加速系统。由于同步环的注入能量很低，而最大引出能量较高，其高频加速系统需要工作在较大的带宽内；为了取得较高流强，物理设计希望引入二次谐波拉长束团。加载磁合金的高频系统具有宽带特性，其腔体无需特殊的调谐且可以容纳多个谐波同时工作。我们设计了一套测试系统，并对国产磁环进行冷测和高功率测试。基于磁环实验数据和物理设计要求，我们设计研制了整套高频加速系统。对系统整体的高功率实验表明，该系统的各项指标与设计相符，达到了物理设计的需求。

The high-energy radiation in astrospace will affect the regular operation and reduce working life of the electronic system on spacecraft. Some study show that the main source of abnormal operation of electronic system is proton radiation. Northwest Institution of Nuclear Technology and Tsinghua University are cooperating to build an accelerator-based proton radiation environment simulation facility called XiPAF to study proton radiation effect. The main part of the accelerator complex of XiPAF is a compact proton synchrotron with a maximum energy of 230~MeV. To satisfied the requirement of XiPAF, the proton synchrotron is designed to: 1. Use 7~MeV as injection energy to control facility scale and construction cost; 2. Accelerate abundant protons each operation cycle to improve the radiation experiment efficiency; 3. Apply slow extraction technology to achieve continuous beam. This dissertation is devoted to study the key physical and technology problems of the compact proton synchrotron of XiPAF. We present the physical design results of the proton synchrotron and the results about the development of an RF acceleration system loaded with magnetic alloy.We explore the physical design strategies of the synchrotron to fulfill the requirement of XiPAF. A compact lattice with long drift space, small beta function and other merits is proposed and designed for the synchrotron. Based on the lattice, the strip injection system and the transverse painting mechanism is designed to achieve a large initial beam intensity with high efficiency. Beam acceleration with dual RF harmonics is designed and simulated. The acceleration method has made the beam more uniform in longitudinal distribution, thus the space charge effect during early acceleration stage is diluted. By utilizing the property of the optics, the positions of extraction elements are optimized to minimize the difficulty of elements design. Moreover, we simulate the slow extraction process and optimize the parameters of extraction system to achieve a good beam time structure. XiPAF aim to apply low-energy (<60~MeV) beam, but the slow extraction process during low-energy stage is suffered from space charge effect. With theoretical analysis and multi-particle simulation, we investigate the time and transverse structure of extraction beam with present of strong space charge effect.Another part of the dissertation is about the development of the RF acceleration system loaded with magnetic alloy for the synchrotron of XiPAF. Due to the low injection energy and relative high maximum extraction energy, the RF acceleration system should work in a large frequency band. To achieve higher beam intensity in the ring, physical design suggest introducing dual harmonics to lengthen the beam. The RF system loaded with magnetic alloy has a wide frequency band, so the system do not need active tuning control and can accommodate dual harmonics in the same RF cavity. We develop a testing system for the cold and high power test of the native magnetic alloy core. Based on the experiment data and performance requirement, the whole system is designed and developed. The high power test experiment of the whole system shows the parameters of system are well consistent with the design values and can fulfill the requirement of the synchrotron.