脱贫攻坚战至今取得巨大成果但是也进入攻坚克难期，贫困人口的主观层面因素对于脱贫的阻碍是重要挑战之一。但是传统贫困陷阱理论并不能解释包括内生动力缺乏在内的主观致贫现象。在此理论和现实的puzzle基础上，我们提出以下问题1、主观致贫的原因是什么？2、是否存在一个基于主观因素的贫困陷阱？3、这种致贫机制应该如何干预？针对研究问题，本文通过文献综述发现对于贫困的研究国外学术界已经从宏观、客观的机制研究逐渐转向微观、主观层面的机制研究，尤其强调个体心理和行为决策可能对于持续贫困的影响。模型的建构分为两步。首先通过深度访谈和扎根理论研究对于主观致贫的机制模型进行建构，探索出以风险厌恶、自控不足、习得性无助、志向不足-政策扭曲四条关键的影响机制。随后根据心理学和行为科学理论将以上机制建构为"行为贫困陷阱"理论，并提出理论假说：家庭决策者的个人偏好会影响家庭的财富积累，政府转移收入政策在个人志向的作用下反而会激励更低的努力水平。在实证部分，我们通过CHFS的追踪数据对于上述假设进行了证明：研究发现低收入决策者的风险厌恶将显著减少家庭的跨期收入增长；低收入决策者的短视偏好会增加家庭的跨期消费并减少储蓄；政府转移收入会"挤出"低收入家庭与努力相关的收入。而以上效应在相对富裕的家庭中并不存在。在干预的研究中，借鉴、调整跨理论模型的框架对于访谈中所获得的成功案例进行了编码分析，从主动脱贫行为的四个阶段分别对于干预途径进行了探索，并从政府、扶贫干部和社会三个角度探讨了政策启示。研究最后希望通过实验干预被试志向以解决风险厌恶、自控不足、期望较低的问题。研究结果显示通过未来想象提升志向可能产生负面作用，而观看励志视频则能提升贫困被试的收入期望。研究最终总结出现有扶贫政策影响或者无法处理主观致贫的三种问题：激励扭曲、政策失效和政策缺位；并针对提升贫困人口内生发展动力从心理学和行为科学角度提出了政策建议。
Great achievements have been made since battle against poverty in China began, now is the hard time before winning. Insufficient subjective initiative and motivation in self-development of the poor are great challenges. Attention about these phenomena grows fast while the current studies can't meet the demands. Based on the puzzle of the gap between poverty trap theory and reality of mental poverty, This paper try to figure out 1) what is mental poverty and why? 2) whether there is a poverty trap caused by subjective factors? and 3) how could mental poverty be intervented?Aiming at questions above, this paper finds through the literature review that the research on poverty has been shifted from macroscopic and objective mechanisms to the microscopic and subjective mechanisms, with particular emphasis on the possible impact of psychology and behavioral decisions on the persistent poverty.Construction of the model is accomplished in two steps. First of all, through deep interview and grounded theory analyzing, we constructs theorical framework of mental poverty and explores four key impact mechanisms: risk aversion, inadequate self-control, learned helplessness and low aspiration - policy incentive-distortions.According to the theory of psychology and behavioral science, the above mechanisms are built as the theory of "behavioral poverty trap" with two sets of hypotheses proposed: 1) poverty affects the individual's economic decision preferences and aspirations, and 2) the of family decision makers' preferences impact the accumulation of wealth, and government transfer payments under the influence of low aspiration will encourage lower levels of effort.In the empirical part, we first prove the first set of hypotheses through the China Family Financial Survey (CHFS): The study finds that poverty leads to more risk aversion, higher time discount rate, lower future expectations and higher learning helplessness. Subsequently, the second part of the Behavioral Poverty Trap Theory is examined through the CHFS tracking data: The study found that risk aversion of low-income decision makers will significantly reduce the family's income growth; short-sighted preferences of low-income families will increase consumption and reduce savings growth; government transfers would "crowd out" efforts-related earnings. However, these never happen in relatively high-income families.In intervention exploring, we introduced Transtheoretical Model as a framework to analyze the successful cases obtained during the interview. We identified four stages of action transforming to form our intervention approaches.Finally, we tried to solve the problem of risk aversion and self-control through priming aspiration in experiment setting. The findings suggest that different aspiration priming methods may lead different outcomes.We summarize three kinds of problems in poverty reduction policy that may encourage or can not deal with the mental poverty: incentive-distortions, policy failures and necessary policy vacancy. We put forward some policy recommendations from the perspective of psychology and behavioral science in order to promote subjective initiative and motivation of low income population.
