铀的富集分离是缓解铀资源短缺和铀污染问题的有效途径。吸附法在铀的富集分离研究领域得到了广泛的关注，但高效吸附材料的开发仍是制约其实际应用的关键因素。介孔炭具有均一的介孔通道和高比表面积以及良好的机械、化学和辐照稳定性等特点，在铀的吸附分离方面具有一定的潜力。但目前介孔炭的功能化方法比较单一，限制了其吸附分离性能。基于此，本论文分别采用骨架氮掺杂、表面氧化、多巴胺聚集体沉积和聚甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯（PGMA）可控生长等方法制备了多种功能化介孔炭，并系统研究和比较了不同介孔炭对铀的吸附性能。论文的创新性成果包括：第一，采用催化剂再生的原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）技术实现了聚丙烯酸正丁酯-b-聚丙烯腈（PBA-b-PAN）的可控合成。以PBA-b-PAN为软模板，制备了不同结构性质和氮含量的骨架氮掺杂型介孔炭，并研究了其对铀的吸附性能。第二，制备过硫酸铵表面氧化型有序介孔炭FDU-15，深入分析了其表面化学。结果表明，过硫酸铵能够使FDU-15表面产生大量羧基、羟基和酯基等含氧基团，增强其对铀的吸附性能。第三，首次将生物分泌的多巴胺引入介孔炭功能化领域，成功构建功能基团沉积密度可调的多巴胺聚集体沉积型介孔炭（CMK-3）。该材料具有高密度的含氮（4.7 ?mol/m2）和含氧（9.3 ?mol/m2）功能基团，并表现出较强的铀吸附能力。第四，建立多巴胺化学耦合引发剂再生催化剂型（ICAR）ATRP改性介孔炭的方法，实现可进一步共价修饰的PGMA接枝型介孔炭的可控制备。第五，实现PGMA接枝型CMK-3的乙二胺共价修饰，并系统研究了其对铀的吸附性能。比较而言，乙二胺修饰的PGMA接枝型CMK-3对铀具有最优的吸附性能，说明多巴胺化学耦合ICAR ATRP是非常有效的介孔炭表面改性方法。表面氧化型FDU-15对铀也具有较好的吸附性能，但氧化法涉及高温和腐蚀性试剂的使用，耗能高且环境不友好。多巴胺聚集体沉积型CMK-3对铀的吸附能力强于表面氧化型FDU-15，且其制备过程更简便、温和和高效。氮掺杂介孔炭的吸附能力弱于上述功能化介孔炭，但强于FDU-15和CMK-3。本论文为功能化介孔炭的制备提供了更多新思路，并显著提高了介孔炭基材料在铀吸附分离方面的性能。

Preconcentration and separation of uranium is an effective way for relieving the shortage of uranium resources, as well as foruranium decontamination. As an efficient method, preconcentration and separation of uranium by using solid adsorbents has been widely studied. However, to realize the industrial application of this method, high-efficiency adsorbents need to be developed. Among various adsorbents, mesoporous carbons show the potential on separation of uranium due to uniform pore channels, high specific surface area, good mechanical stability, excellent chemical stability and radiation resistance. But limited approaches for the functionalization of mesoporous carbons hinder their application as adsorbents. In this dissertation, a variety of functionalization methods, including nitrogen doping in the framework, surface oxidation, deposition of polydopamine (PDA) and controlled growth of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA), were developed to prepare novel functional mesoporous carbons. Furthermore, adsorption performances of different types of functional mesoporous carbons to uranium were systematically studied. Innovative achievements of this dissertation are listed below.Firstly, various poly(butyl acrylate)-b-polyacrylonitrile (PBA-b-PAN) with different chain length were synthesized by activitors regenerated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), which were used as soft templates to prepare nitrogen doped mesoporous carbons, also named as copolymer-templated nitrogen-enriched carbons (CTNCs). Then, uranium adsorption by the CTNCs with different structure properties and nitrogen contents were studied. Secondly, ammonium persulfate (APS) was used to treat ordered mesoporous carbon (FDU-15), and surface chemistry of the oxidized FDU-15 was deeply researched. The results showed that large amounts of oxygen-containing groups were generated on the surface of FDU-15 during the APS treatment, resulting in significantly improved adsorption ability to uranium. Thirdly, bioinspired dopamine was, for the first time, employed for the functionalization of ordered mesoporous carbons, which realized the preparation of PDA deposited ordered mesoporous carbon (CMK-3). The grafting densities of functional groups could be easily adjusted. It was verified that PDA deposited CMK-3 possessed high grafting densities of nitrogen-containing and oxygen-containing groups as well as good adsorption abilities to uranium. Fourthly, the integrated technique of initiators for continuous activator regeneration (ICAR) ATRP and bioinspired PDA chemistry was established for controlled preparation of PGMA grafted mesoporous carbons, which allowed further covalent modification. Fifthly, ethylene diamine (EDA) was covalently attached to the PGMA grafted CMK-3. Adsorption performance of EDA modified PGMA grafted CMK-3 to uranium was systematically researched.Comparatively, EDA modified PGMA grafted CMK-3 showed the best adsorption performance to uranium, suggesting that the integrated technique of ICAR ATRP and bioinspired PDA chemistry is a promising method for preparation of functional mesoporous carbons. Oxidized FDU-15 also showed relatively strong adsorption abilities to uranium, while the preparation was involved with high temperature and corrosive reagents, leading to high energy consumption and not environmentally friendly. Compared with surface oxidation, PDA deposition was demonstrated to be a simple, mild and efficient method for functionalization of mesoporous carbons. And, PDA deposited CMK-3 possessed stronger uranium adsorption abilities than oxidized FDU-15. Adsorption ability of CTNC was weaker than surface functionalized mesoporous carbons, but stronger than FDU-15 and CMK-3. Overall, this dissertation provides new methodologies for the preparation of functional mesoporous carbons, and dramatically improves uranium adsorption performance of mesoporous carbons-based adsorbents.