国家与社会关系是改革开放以来中国政治研究的核心问题。通过对山东新泰平安协会的初步观察发现，基层党委政府把平安协会为代表的新型社会组织嵌入到政府主导的地方治理体系中来，展现了一种超越于主流国家与社会关系理论范式解释范围的独特经验现象。为了探讨基层治理中的国家与社会关系问题，笔者以平安协会为个案开展详细的案例分析。本文研究资料主要来源于近年来多次对平安协会开展田野调查获得的访谈记录，搜集的政府文件以及地方志等资料。在回顾了传统社会以来新泰基层治理的历史变迁之后，笔者从产生、发展和深化三个阶段对平安协会展开了详细的案例剖析。通过案例分析发现，平安协会经过不断的组织扩张与功能拓展，最终嵌入到地方治理体系中，推动基层治理机制发生了显著变化：在小镇探索阶段，平安协会发挥了多方参与平台作用，并在市级平安协会成立后建立了完善的多元化公共治安产品供给机制。在乡镇推广阶段，平安协会职能逐渐向化解矛盾拓展，形成了社会化的矛盾化解机制，并发挥了理性对话平台作用。下沉到村级之后，平安协会又广泛参与治理，对村居体制构成有机补充，并发挥了利益表达平台作用。而在平安协会的上述发展历程中，中国共产党扮演了核心角色，每一发展阶段都伴随着党的主导作用和控制能力的不断强化。当前国家与社会关系分析框架下的各种理论范式，不仅无法解释平安协会与政府和社会均具有密切关联的双重特性，而且都忽视了党的作用，因而对于解释平安协会都存在明显的局限性。鉴于学界对“国家－社会”二分法的反思仍不足以对平安协会作出合理解释，在当前学界对党、国家与社会关系相关研究基础上，本文提出以“党－政府－社会”三分框架替代“国家－社会”二分框架。在三分框架中，党对于型塑国家与社会关系发挥了关键作用：从党与社会关系角度看，平安协会是党对传统社会乡绅治理的继承与发展，也是党对革命时期社会化组织动员的继承与发扬。党对社会的改造使政府与社会关系发生了巨大变化，不仅实现了新形势下国家对社会的再渗透，而且契合了治理理论的基本理念，蕴含了社会协同和公众参与内涵。因而，三分框架挑战了国家与社会关系分析框架，为理解国家与社会关系带来新的理论视角。本文还对中共基层治理的调适进行延伸性讨论，认为平安协会反映了传统治理资源、党在革命时期成功经验以及治理理念“三江汇流”之势，基层治理未来的发展趋势将会在坚持党的领导和政府主导前提下，更多地走向社会协同和鼓励公众参与。
State-society relations of contemporary China is one of the core issues in the political studies on China's reform and opening up. Based on preliminary observation of Ping An Association in Xintai of Shandong Province, this thesis has found that grassroots organization of the Chinese Communist Party(the CCP) and local government have taken the new social organization into the government-led local governance system to show a more unique range of empirical phenomena, which is beyond the current state-society relations mainstream theoretical paradigms. In order to explore the question of state-society relations in local governance, this thesis has chosen Ping An Association as a case to carry out a detailed analysis. Research materials mainly come from investigation records which are obtained from the the process of the author’s interview on Ping An Association in recent years, local government’s official documents and the local Party’s gazette. With a systematic review on the social and historical tradition of local society in Xintai，this thesis has examined the case from three stages of Ping An Association, i.e. its emergence, development and expansion. Through the case analysis, the thesis showed that the organization of Ping An Association after continuous organization expansion and function development, eventually embedded in local governance system, and great changes have taken place in local governance mechanism. Firstly, in the exploration stage at township level, Ping An Association plays a role of the multiple participation platform, and establishes a perfect after the municipal association was founded diversified public security products supply mechanism. Secondly, in the promoting stage at township level, the Association functions to resolve contradictions gradually expanded, forming the social contradiction resolving mechanism, and performing a role of the rational dialogue platform. Thirdly, at the village level, Ping An Association widely involves in village governance, constituting the organic supplement the village in the system, and taking a role of the interest expression platform. In the entire process of the association’s development, the CCP has played a central role in every stage, and the Party's leading role and capabilities has constantly strengthened. Existing theories of state-society relations, could not better explain Ping An Association’s dual character and relations to the government and society, and they could not help understand the role of the CCP. In view of the fact that the dichotomy of state-society relations is still not enough to make a reasonable explanation for Ping An Association, based on the current academic circles about the position of the CCP in the relationship between state and society, this thesis puts forward three points of "the CCP-government-society" framework to replace "state-social" framework. In the three points framework, the CCP has played a key role in the shaping of state-society relations: From the perspective of the CCP and social relations, Ping An Association is the inheritance and development of traditional elite governance, and it is laso the inheritance of the the Party’s mobilization strategy which was formed in the revolutionary period. The CCP’s shaping of societ has resulted in the great changes in terms of government and social relations; not only does it achieve the penetration of society by the state, but it also fulfills the basic idea of governance theory, containing the connotation of social coordination and public participation. Obviously, "the CCP-government-society" framework challenges the conventional "state-society" relations framework, and bring new theoretical perspectives to the further understanding of the state-society relations. Finally, this thesis also analyzes the Party's local governance mechanism to adjust the extensibility, and concludes that Ping An Association in Shandong Province reflects to the trend of "three rivers confluence", that is to say, the traditional Chinese governance resources, the Party’s successful experiences in the revolutionary period, and the concept of governance. The trend of the development of China's local governance will be below the premise that adheres to the leadership of the CCP and local government, with an orientation toward social coordination and public participation.
