信息通讯技术的影响正在不断渗透到实体制造过程之中，方兴未艾的创客运动从一个侧面展现了这种悄然发生的重大变革。从技术与社会相互建构的关系出发，认识创客运动发生发展的历史进程，理解创客运动给当代社会带来的变化，是亟待探究的重要问题。通过对创客运动的历史考察，文献分析和大量的实地调研和经验研究，本研究重点探讨了以下几个问题：创客运动是在什么样的文化和历史背景下产生的？创客运动究竟带来了什么新的变化？这些新的变化如何体现出技术与社会的交互建构？创客运动如何改变传统的创新组织模式？又将塑造一种什么样的公众参与创新的文化？本文追溯创客运动发展的文化基因与社会史，发现创客运动是技术、社会和文化等多种因素交互作用的结果。黑客文化、DIY浪潮、个人制造技术和理念的发展，共同推动了创客运动的发展。创客是一个注重个体创造能力探索、创意与知识共享、努力把创意变为现实并相互协作的多元化群体。3D打印、开源硬件等技术平台与创意、知识共享的社会网络相互结合，构成了创客空间。本文基于大量的参与式观察，总结了创客空间的不同存在形态。本文通过对Arduino与RepRap 3D打印机项目的案例分析，探讨了创客运动中的开源思想，以及创意与知识的共享方式，并在此基础上提出创客空间中大众生产的众智模式。通过分析创客、创意与创新的关系，指出了创客对创意进行社会化塑造的重要作用，结合创客空间中如何利用社会化制造的技术与社会平台将创意转化为现实，并实现商业化，提出了创客的众创模式，探讨了这种众创模式带来的新变化。本质上，创客运动代表了大众参与创新的新趋向。本文探讨了中国创客运动的发展历程，虽然创客运动在中国发展的时间不长，但在强大的制造业体系的推动下发展迅速，同时，中国社会也赋予了创客概念、创客运动丰富和复杂的内涵，形成了具有不同地域特色的创客生态圈。中国的创客运动受DIY文化、硅谷创业文化影响较大，但受基于共享、协作的黑客文化等影响较少，因此表现出迅速向创业、创新靠拢的明显趋向，这既可能带来新的草根创业浪潮，也会对社会创造能力的持续发展带来挑战。
Information and communication technology (ICT) is consistently making impact on manufacturing. The ongoing Maker Movement serves as a reflection of this massive change. It’s worth understanding the impact of maker movement on society from the perspective of mutual construction of technology and society. Through the historical study, literature study and fieldwork, the dissertation aimes to answer the following questions: What kind of culture and historical background did Maker movement grow from? What changes would Maker Movement bring about? How would these changes reflect the mutual construction of technology and society? And how would Maker Movement change traditional model of innovation? What kind of public participation in innovation will it shape in particular? By tracing the culture gene and social history of the Maker Movement, the author finds out that the Maker Movement is the combinition of multiple forces as technology, society and culture. The hacker culture、DIY culture and the development of personal fabrication mutually pushed forward the development of maker movement. Makers are a group of people with diverse backgrounds. They value creativity, knowledge sharing and are willing to turn ideas into reality. Based on participatory observation, the author concludes different forms of makerspaces, which is formed by technology platform as 3D printer and opensource hardware and social network to share creativity and knowledge.Based on case studies on Arduino and RepRap 3D printer, the author unfolds the idea of opensource in Maker Movement and proposes the model of “crowd-wisdom" and “crowd-innovation”. Through the analysis of the relationship between maker, creativity and innovation, the author points out that makers are playing an important role in the social shaping of creativity by truning ideas to reality using the social manufacturing platforms. Fundamentally, the Maker Movement represents a new trend in public participation in innovation.The dissertation sheds light on the development of China’s Maker Movement. Despite the short history, China’s Maker Movement is growing rapidly. Meanwhile, it is filled with complicated meanings and formed different localized maker ecosystems.China’s maker movement is more influenced by DIY culture and entrepreneur culture from Silicon Valley, but less by hacker culture that highlights sharing and cooperation. Therefore, the maker movement in China quickly shifted to innovation and entrepreneurship. This would bring a trend of grass-root start-ups. On the other hand, would challenge the sustainable development of creativity in society.
