随着时代发展，越来越多的人进入城市生活。人类活动正在不断改变着城市及其水文气象环境：一方面通过改变城市下垫面的类型进而影响区域陆气交互过程；另一方面城市特有的人为热源排放，影响了地表热量传输过程及区域降雨特性从而影响着区域水文气象，进而与全球气候相互作用。人为热的排放对城市的热岛效应、雨岛效应、极端热浪、暴雨天气都有着一定的影响，因此论文围绕着城市人为热时空分布特征以及其对区域水文气象环境的影响规律开展研究，对理解城市地区陆气耦合反馈机制以及规划城市及其能耗格局有重要科学价值与意义。 论文首先借助不同的研究方法，分析了局部小区尺度与城市尺度的各来源人为热时空分布特征，发现一般来说，在街谷、局部小区尺度下以及高密度建筑区，交通人为热与建筑人为热数值较大且与太阳辐射量级相当，都应考虑入地表能量平衡中；而在城市及更大尺度上，由于建筑人为热占能耗的主要部分，因此可以只考虑入建筑人为热的影响。 论文进而通过融合多源遥感数据，借助计算人为热的关键指标人居指数HSI对比研究了近十四年来城市人为热的年际分布特征及其空间格局变化。发现其空间分布以大型城市与城镇中心为最高，向四周辐射状递减；在时间分布上，除个别年份有略微衰减之外，总体呈上升趋势。以人居指数HSI为依据，研究确立了一套具有可推广、易更新、快速便捷的划分城市下垫面类型的方法。 在此基础上，以北京地区为研究对象，借助数值模拟的研究手段探究了人为热的时空异质性对于区域夏季降雨特征的影响。研究揭示了人为热使不同城市下垫面的降雨强度发生分化，使城市区域累积降雨量增加，城市下风向区降雨减少；人为热的空间异质性使得降雨量及空间分布出现明显差异性变化。集中型分布的人为热对降水的影响相比起分散分布更为显著。
With the development of the society, people increasingly move into the urban areas, which continuously makes impacts on the urban hydrometeorology. On one side, land-atmosphere interactions vary due to the modification of the characteristics of land surface conditions. On the other side, energy consumption from anthropogenic heat (AH) resources in urban environment makes impacts on the regional hydrometeorology by modifying the heat and moisture transfer and ultimately feed back to the global climate. Considering AH’s impacts on the urban heat island, rain land, extreme weather such as heatwave and heavy rainfall, this thesis focuses on the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthropogenic heat in different scales based on ensemble methods and exploring its impacts on the hydrometeorology by conducting numerical simulations. The results are of remarkable scientific as well as practical meanings to further the understanding on interactions between land surface and atmosphere, and help the designers make environment-friendly and energy-saving decisions for better city management. The spatiotemperal characteristics of anthropogenic heat from human metabolism, transportation and building sectors in urban areas have been carefully conducted at both local and city scales by employing various methods. The results indicate that for densely built-up areas or study area at fine spatial scales, anthropogenic heat from transportation as well as building sectors should be included for estimating its impact on urban hydrometeorology environment. However, for research at 1km or larger spatial resolutions, anthropogenic heat from buildings occupies the largest proportion and could represent AH sufficiently. Multi-source remote sensing data has been applied and human settlement index HSI which is critical for calculating AH at city scale has been defined to explore the interannual development of urbanization which could represent the variation of AH as well. For spatial distribution, the results show a clear HSI high value area in the center of city and town with gradually decreasing on the surrounding areas. While for temporal distribution, HSI higher than a certain threshold shows an annually upward trend in most years. A new convenient porpageable method for dividing urban land use type has been developed which is essential for calculating AH. Based on the calculated AH from buildings, numerical simulation of different scenarios was carried out in order to explore the impact on summer rainfall events brought by the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of AH. Distinct division of precipitation intensity on different urban land use types was found due to AH as well as the increasement of total precipitation. Three different land use scenarios lead to various rainfall spatial patterns. Compared to the random distribution of AH, concentrated distribution is more likely to impact the rainfall spatiotemporal pattern.
