摘 要 我国的人防事业已经走过一段辉煌的历史，发展至今已走过60多个春秋，为我国的长治久安做出了很大的贡献，现如今人防建设正处于由人防向民防转变的重要过渡期。纵观人防事业发展史，与时俱进的发展观清晰可见，其长期的存在性已说明了人防建设、人防工程必然具有其存在的合理性。本文首先通过对人防的方针政策发展演变和人防地下室设计规范的发展演变的回顾，以及对不同时期人防工程案例的列举，回顾了人防60年的发展史，总结了60多年来人防建设的发展趋势和规律。 文章从当今社会上一些领域对人防建设的质疑和非议出发，就未来战争究竟怎么打、人防究竟防什么、怎么防的问题对人防工程的防护功能分类和防护措施进行了具体分析和研究，阐述了人防工程特别是低等级人防工程的意义所在。同时也揭示出人防建设发展过程中在政策、规范和管理等方面所存在的顽疾，尤其是对人防建设规模的尺度把握、平战转换和产权等问题进行了较为深入的重点分析。 通过对人防建设过去的回顾和总结来探索其未来发展的方向，最后对人防工程建设和民防起步建设提出一些务实的设想和展望。通过加强人防工程的“针对性”建设、人防体系的“平衡性”建设、人防地下室的“网络连通性”建设等对策来完善人防自身的健康发展；通过加强防灾减灾的硬件设施建设来促进人防硬件与民防硬件有机结合的健康发展。发展人防事业只有做到与时俱进、科学发展才能真正做到承前启后、继往开来，人防向民防才能健康顺利地转型。

Abstract The Civil Air Defense career in China has been developed over 60 years, which brought about great contributions to national security. Nowadays, civil air defense is on a transition period to “Civil Defense”. Considering the evolution of Civil Air Defense in China, the necessity of its existence is clear and obvious. The paper firstly reviewed the developing history of relevant public policies about Civil Air Defense, and the relevant specifications about basement design for it. Throughout the review and studies of existed example projects of the Civil Air Defense, the paper summarized its law of evolution. Started with current critics and suspicions to the Civil Air Defense, the paper analyzed and discussed key issues including, what would the war be developed in the future, what the Civil Air Defense could do in the future, how the Civil Air Defense would be classified and so on. Moreover, the paper pointed out obstinate problems in the policies, specifications and administrations of the Civil Air Defense, especially involved in specific issues, such as the scale of it, switch of usage between war and peace time, and its property right. By the research, the paper purposed practical thoughts to the Civil Air Defense project and its initial constructions. For well developing, a clearly directed construction, a balanced construction, and a widely connected network in Civil Air Defense basement is necessary. An emergency prevention and preparedness system could be established to perfectly combine “Civil Air Defense” and “Civil Defense” together. Advanced with the times and scientifically developed, only the Civil Air Defense would perfectly transit to the Civil Defense.