常用词的历时演变与共时分布情况是汉语词汇史研究十分重要的内容。表示“行为动作”、“状态”、“某种事物”等概念的词汇在历史上发生了较大的变化。对此进行深入研究，有利于探讨古今常用词的基本特点以及新旧词在方言分布上的差异。尤其是明清时期常用词基本面貌的研究特别重要，因为这一时期的汉语与现代汉语关系最为密切，也是新旧词替换的主要时期。 本文的主要研究对象是手部常用动词，包括“振抖”类、“挖掘”类、“掏出”类、“捡起”类、“采摘”类、“夺抢”类等六组词聚。将从上古至清末作为研究的时段范围，在约81本的古今典籍内，选择与六组动词相关的例句，利用数量统计法、用例描写等方法，对这些常用词在整个历时阶段的兴替演变情况进行系统性的描写，并且结合现代汉语方言，考察了其共时分布情况。此外，运用概念要素分析法，对六组词聚内各动词的内部义素进行分析，辨别每个动词所具有的义素的异同。还运用组合关系分析法，探讨各词组内动词的并列、状中复合词的形成过程，以及与结果补语、趋向补语、“取”等附加成分的搭配关系。六组词聚中，“抖”、“挖”、“掏”、“捡”、“摘”、“抢”都在元明清时期逐渐在各词聚内占据核心地位，如今在现代汉语里，它们单独使用，或与“掉”、“出”、“起”、“下”、“过来(去)”等附加成分或已经不能再单独运用的文言词素搭配使用。从方言分布情况看，在各词聚内主导词主要分布在官话、晋语、湘语、赣语等区域，也见于一些客家、粤语里；而与之相应的一些文言词存留在闽吴等方言区域里。总而言之，不少常用词在历史上发生了更替变化。导致新旧词兴替的主要原因是多方面的，包括动词内部因素的作用、义素的增减等。此外，现代方言分布情况是这些动词发生过历时演变的客观证据。因此，对常用词历时演变进行探讨，历时与共时相结合的方法、概念要素分析法等都是必不可少的研究方法。
The Diachronic Evolvement and Synchronic Distribution of common words are a very important component in the history of Chinese lexicology. Most common words that express the concept of “action”、“state”、“something”have gone through a lot of diachronic change. Researching this point, it is beneficial to investigate the appearance and feature of common words from first ancient Chinese to modern Chinese period, and it is good to probe into the difference between the new word and old word distributed in modern dialects. The study of the appearance of common words in Ming and Qing Dynasties is very important, because Ming and Qing Dynasties have the closest relationship with modern Chinese, and Ming and Qing Dynasties are critical moment of the replacement of the old words with the new words. If ignore this point, We can not understand the formation of the appearance of common words in modern times. This paper will mainly research the commonly used verbs about the hands action. We select 6 groups of common words which are “zhendou”、“wajue”、“taoqu”、“jianqu”、“caizhai”、“qiangjie”. We take from first ancient Chinese to Pre-modern Chinese period as research rage. We adopt approaches such as data statistics and detailed description to different examples, describing the process of the replacement of 6 groups of common words in historical period, and We had also investigated synchronic distribution of 6 groups of common words. In addition, with conceptual elements analysis, we had analyzed the semantic structure of 6 group verbs, and discriminated similarities and differences of semanteme of 6 group verbs. On the other hand, with combination relationship analysis, we had investigated the process of the coordination of disyllabic and adverbial words in 6 group of verbs、the collocation of verb and supplementary element such as resultant complement、directional complement、“qu”. In 6 groups of common words, “dou”、“wa”、“tao”、“jian”、“zhai”、“qiang”become the primarily-used verb after Yuan Dynasty and especially the Qing Dynasty. Six words used alone, either collocate with complement such as “diao”、“chu”、“qi”、“xia”、“guolai(qu)”, or collocating with classical Chinese morpheme that cannot be used alone at present. From the dialect distribution results, the primarily-used verb in 6 groups of common words mainly distributed in the northern dialects、Xiang dialects、Gan dialects, they also distributed in some Hakka dialects and Cantonese dialects；some classical Chinese words distributed in the Wu dialects and Min dialects.In a word，Many common words had replaced during the thousands of years of recorded history. The effect of internal factors of the verb and the increase of the semantic are the most important reason of the replacement of the old words with the new words. Distribution of modern dialects is an objective evidence of historic evolution of verb. Thus, The combination of diachronic and synchronic and the conceptual elements analysis are a necessary research method in order to research for the historic evolution of verb.
