本文详细描述了北宋（980-1125）和清代（1685-1840）长时段历史GDP重构的数据选择和计算方法，结合管汉晖和李稻葵（2010）对明代GDP核算的成果，得到以1840年不变价白银和1990年不变价美元计价的公元980年至公元1840年的实际GDP，配合人口、可耕地、消费、物价变动和经济结构数据从不同经济视角分析了实际人均GDP的长时段变迁。数据显示，北宋（980-1125）、明代（1402-1626）及清代（1685-1840）三段历史时期，实际人均GDP呈现长期持续下降的态势，十五世纪初中国人均产出水平已经低于同期英国的水平。以1840年不变价计算的人均GDP水平，北宋时期为28.1两，明代下降到19.8两，清朝进一步下降到14.2两；以1990年不变价美元计算，北宋人均GDP为1431.5美元，明代1009.7美元，清代721.8美元。总体来讲，北宋时期平均生活水平是明朝的1.42倍，是清朝的1.98倍。在GDP数据重构和分析的基础上，本文提出了估算古代长时段资本存量数据的三个原则，第一次重构了古代中国长时段资本存量数据。从绝对水平的均值上来看，北宋为32亿两白银（1840年不变价计），明代为39亿两白银（1840年不变价计），清代为51亿两白银（1840年不变价计）；从增长幅度上来说，至北宋末资本存量增长了185%，明末资本存量比明初增长了仅89%，清代1840年比1685年只增长了56%。进一步，本文通过模型和增长分解的方法对古代中国人均GDP长期持续下降的现象作出了尝试性解释，结论表明，人口增长引起的人均可耕地下降和人均资本存量下降是解释古代中国人均GDP长期持续下降的最主要原因。同时，利用DEA-Malmquist指数分解的方法计算了古代中国的TFP，结果显示，北宋和明代中后期全要素生产率（TFP）下降明显；清代TFP增长高于北宋和明代，但不足以抵消清代经济呈现出规模报酬递减的效应、人均可耕地和人均资本存量下降带来的负面作用。这两个发现也是解释古代人均GDP长期持续下降的重要原因。

This dissertation reconstructs the historical gross domestic product (GDP) time series of the Northern Song (980-1125) and Qing (1685-1840) dynasties in both nominal and real terms via a value-added approach and details the calculating method and data sources employed. Combined with the GDP time series of the Ming (1402-1626) dynasty from the earlier study using the same method by Guan and Li (2010), this research assembles the real GDP time series of the period from the year 980 to the year 1840 at both 1840 constant silver price and 1990 constant dollar price, and analyzes the long-run evolution of the real GDP per capita from different perspectives such as population, arable land, consumption, price change and economic structure.These estimates of GDP suggest that the real GDP per capita suffered consistent long-run declining over the periods of the Northern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties and by early 1400s China’s per capita output had already fallen below that of Britain. The GDP per capita at the 1840 constant silver price of the Northern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties was 28.1, 19.8 and 14.2 taels, respectively. And The GDP per capita at the 1990 constant dollar price of the Northern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties was 1431.5, 1009,7 and 721.8 dollars, respectively. Overall, the average living standard in the Northern Song dynasty was 1.42 times of that of the Ming dynasty and 1.98 times of that of the Qing dynasty.This dissertation suggests 3 principles to reconstruct the long-run time series of the capital stock of ancient China based on the estimated GDP data and for the first time reconstructs them. The capital stock at the 1840 constant silver price of the Northern Song, Ming and Qing dynasties was 3.2, 3.9 and 5.1 billion taels, respectively.Furthermore, this dissertation proposes a tentative explanation to the phenomenon that the GDP per capita of ancient China consistently declined over the long-run historical periods based on model analysis and growth factor decomposition, which is the declining of the arable land per capita and the declining of the capital stock per capita caused by population growth are the two most important reasons behind that phenomenon. In addition, this research calculates the total factor productivity (TFP) of ancient China using the DEA-Malmquist Index Decomposition method. The results suggest that the TFP decreased during the mid and late Northern Song dynasty and the mid and late Ming dynasty and although the TFP increased over the Qing dynasty, it could not fully compensate for the negative impacts on the per capita GDP of the effect of the decreased returns on scale displayed by the economy of the Qing dynasty and both the declining of the arable land per capita and the capital stock per capita. Both of these findings are important reasons why the per capita GDP of ancient China consistently declined over the long-run historical periods.