气候变暖、臭氧空洞、雾霾天数激增等等各种不适于人类生存的环境现象涌现，警示着人类对环境的适应性正在受到挑战。“适者生存”这一为全人类所信奉的真理，已经成为危机信号，将对“适应性”的关注直逼眼前。 湘西地处“中国之中”，有着独特的自然条件和深厚的人文底蕴，四十余个少数民族聚居于此，以土家族最多，而永顺以其在湘西土家族历史中的重要地位成为土家族文化研究的典型。天然屏障的地理隔离，孕育和维持了其特殊鲜明的民族文化，建筑演变呈现出清晰的阶段性特点。正如达尔文以特殊且更清晰的家养物种变异作为研究起点，本论文视集体无意识环境下建筑的适应演变为自然选择过程，以永顺为例，探讨湘西土家族建筑从源起至今整个演变历程中，建筑在自然环境、经济技术环境、社会文化环境共同选择作用下的适应性机制。并基于机制规律，尝试提炼建筑的演变模式和趋势，进一步提出以人工选择介入自然选择的调适路径，从而引导适应的方向和效果，维护和谐人居的可持续发展。 本研究分为三个部分：第一部分（第一～三章）为背景理论的阐述。包括研究工作的准备、适应性相关理论的论述及机制要素的划定，并根据湘西土家族地区的背景沿革将其建筑演变分为形成时期、成熟时期和变迁时期三个阶段；第二部分（第四～八章）为机制要素的分析。以对永顺土家族建筑的实地调研为基础，首先分别介绍各时期村寨、民居与宗教建筑形制的适应性演变（第四、五章），然后分别从自然、社会文化、经济技术三部分环境要素，论述在建筑演变过程中环境的选择作用（第六～八章）。得出形成时期建筑的适应性凸显为自然环境的选择作用，成熟时期社会文化环境的性质决定建筑文化性的适应方向，而当下正在发生的种种变迁现象是由于极端复杂的经济技术环境选择作用凸显的结果；第三部分（第九章）为机制生成与调适的总结。通过对湘西土家族建筑演变历程的梳理总结，阐述建筑的适应性是自然环境、社会文化环境、经济技术环境共同选择的结果，在不同的历史阶段往往凸显为一种或几种环境要素的主导作用；建筑的适应性推动了建筑的螺旋式演变。最后针对湘西土家族建筑在当前环境下产生的适应性问题，尝试基于适应性机制规律进行调适，将建筑发展引导至更积极的适应方向。
Climate warming, ozone hole, smog, etc, environmental phenomenons that are not suitable for human survival are emerging, warning the adaptability of human beings is being challenged. "Survival of the fittest", the truth has become a crisis signal, pushing attention on "adaptability" into the eyes. In the center of China, Xiangxi has a unique natural environment and profound cultural heritage with more than 40 minorities here and Tujia at the most. Yongshun for its important position in the Tujia history in Xiangxi becomes the typical case of Tujia culture. Geographic isolation of natural barrier breeds and maintains its distinctive ethnic culture, and the evolution of architecture shows clear stage features. Just like Darwin took the more special and clearer variation of domesticated species as the starting point, the dissertation making the adaptational evolution of traditional architecture under collective consciousness as the process of natural selection, taking Yongshun as the sample, discusses the adaptability mechanism of architecture under the interactive selection by the natural, economic, social and cultural environment during the whole evolutional process of Tujia architecture in Xiangxi. And based on the mechanism rules, try to extract the evolutional mode and trend of architecture, make artificial selection intervene natural selection counter the not very positive adaptation at present, apply the mechanism for a reasonable adjustment, so as to guide the adaptation effect, maintaining the sustainable development of harmonious living environment. The dissertation is divided into three parts: The first part (Chapter 1 to 3) is the background theory. The introduction is the research work in preparation, including adaptability theory, the aspects of the adaptive mechanism factors, and three stages of architectural evolutional process is divided according the historical background in Tujia area of Xiangxi: forming, mature and alienation period. The second part (Chapter 4 to 8) analyzes the elements of adaptability mechanism. With the survey of Tujia architecture in Yongshun as the foundation, first the shape and structure of villages, dwellings and religious architectures are introduced (chapter 4 and 5), and then from the natural, social and cultural, economic and technological three environmental factors, it explains the environmental selective effect during evolutional process (Chapter 6 to 8). It comes out that selection of natural environment is highlighted in the forming period, while social and cultural environment determines the adaptive direction of architecture cultural identities during mature period, and the transition that is happening mainly is due to the selection of the extreme complicated economic and technological environment nowadays. The third part (Chapter 9) summarizes the adaptability mechanism and the way of adjustment. Through the summary on the evolution of Xiangxi Tujia architecture, it concludes that the architectural adaptability is the selection by natural, social and cultural, economic and technological environment all together, while in different historical stages there are always one or several environmental factors to play the leading role. The result of architecture adaptability is to promote the spiral evolution. Finally, pointing at problems of Xiangxi Tujia architecture in the current environment, it tries to make adjustment based on the adaptability mechanism rules, leading the development of architecture to be more positive.
