养老设施是我国养老服务体系中机构养老的重要载体，面对老龄人口的迅速增长，我国的养老设施正值发展与集中建设期。高龄、失能、半失能老人是养老设施的刚性需求者，而目前新建的养老设施许多仅考虑收住健康自理型老人，空间设计与功能设置均无法适应有护理需求老人的需要。并且，未来我国持续增多的高龄人口也将对养老设施的护理服务提出更高的需求。因此，本文希望对养老设施的适应性设计进行研究，探讨如何通过潜伏性设计使自理型养老设施可以在一定程度下满足作为护理型养老设施的使用需求。笔者通过文献研究、实地调研、案例分析等方法对不同护理类型的长期居住型养老设施进行比较研究，分析其在居室类型、公共空间、护理辅助空间等方面的需求差异，并对老人居住用房部分提出适应性设计的要点。首先，通过文献研究与案例对比，梳理了美国、日本等发达国家中不同护理类型养老设施在空间配置与布局上的差异，并对国外养老设施的适应性设计经验进行了总结。其次，对我国养老设施展开调研，总结了我国不同类型养老设施居住用房部分空间配置及使用需求差异，以及在适应性方面存在的问题。接着，分析了不同身体状况老人行为能力及护理需求的变化，并从不同护理程度对应的空间需求差异出发，提出了养老设施适应性设计的要求。在结论部分，笔者尝试从平面形式、楼电梯布局、结构体系、管井设置、居住单元、公共空间及护理辅助空间等方面给出养老设施标准层空间适应性设计要点。最后，笔者将部分适应性设计要点应用于自理型养老公寓项目中，并探讨了该项目标准层应对不同护理需求时功能布局与空间使用方式的灵活适应性。

Elderly facilities act a very important role in the system of elderly care service. China is now going through a fast construction period of elderly facilities as the number of aging population is rising quickly these years. However, much of the now constructing elderly facilities are design for self-care elderly people, ignoring the need of nursing-care elderly, who should be the main target customer of elderly facilities. These elderly facilities could hardly meet the need for care service as the very old population would continue rising in the following decades. Therefore, the author tries to study on the adaptive design method for independent living facilities being able to transfer to nursing facilities. Through document and field research, the author make comparison between different types of long-term care elderly facilities, and analysis their differences in unit type, public space and service space. Focusing on the typical floor, the article put forward some key points of adaptive design for elderly facilities.First, the article summarizes the difference of space arrangement in American and Japanese independent and nursing elderly facilities, as well as their adaptive design methods. Then, based on the research of different types of elderly facilities in China, the author sums up the different need for space between self-care and nursing-care elderly people. Afterwards, the author analyses the ability change of daily activities and the need for care service as age increases, proposing the critical need which should be met through adaptive design. In the conclusion part, the author gives the adaptive design suggestions on plan shape, structure, plumbing, elevator arrangement as well as the dwelling units, public space and service space. Finally, the key points are applied in the design of an independent living facilities. The possibilities for it to be adapted to a nursing facility are also discussed in this part.