我国西南地区水能资源丰富，但多数是山区河流，水力比降大。开发这类河流时通常采用引水式电站。大型水利工程由于水头差大，修建的引水隧洞很长，水体惯性很大。为了降低水击压力值，改善机组的运行条件，引水式电站需要修建大型调压室。对于锦屏II级电站这种超长距离引水系统，其水力过渡过程十分复杂，主要特点是涌浪波动周期长、振幅大、衰减慢。差动式调压室比阻抗式波动衰减更快，所需容积也较小，但是升管结构安全存在风险。本文研究的半差动式调压室将升管隔墙高程降低，既保留了差动式调压室的水力学性能，同时兼顾了升管胸墙的结构安全。本文以调压室涌浪最低水位和升管大井最大正水位差为优化目标，应用改进型非劣分类遗传算法（NSGA-II）对半差动式组合调压室升管、大井阻抗孔口面积以及升管高度进行优化计算，得到了优化参数的非劣解集。根据调压室原型设计方案和模型比尺要求，选取模型试验的材料，按照场地要求设计制作了锦屏II级超长引水系统包括调压室的正态物理模型，将其布置于清华大学新水利馆一楼大厅。模型试验数据采集由DJ800型多功能监测系统完成，压力传感器和波高仪分别测量动水压力值和涌浪水位变化过程。通过正态物理模型试验结果，对原设计方案的压力管道最大动水压力，调压室最高、最低涌浪水位，大井、升管底板最大压差，升管大井最大水位差进行了分析，得到了各个极值发生的常规控制工况并指出了关键问题。根据优化计算结果对物理模型试验中调压室3个优化参数值进行了选取，每个优化参数均选取了3个不同的值。考虑到试验操作的难易程度和实际操作的可能性，这3组值均在优化解集的范围内同时保证了一定的距离。针对原方案试验结果所出现的关键问题，并参考优化计算中组合工况下调压室底板压差和升管隔墙水位差过大等问题，特别选取调压室最高、最低涌浪，大井、升管底板最大压差和胸墙最大水平压力这些极值发生的常规控制工况进行了相关试验。根据试验结果对试验优化参数进行了敏感性分析，给出了升管阻抗孔口面积、大井阻抗孔口面积和升管溢流堰顶高程的建议值。

The hydropower resources is very rich in southwest China, but most of the rivers are mountain rivers with large hydraulic gradient. The diversion type hydropower scheme is adopted in the hydroelectric development of mountain rivers. Because the water head difference of large-scale hydroelectric station varies greatly, the diversion tunnel is very long. In order to reduce water hammer pressure value and to improve the operating conditions of the turbine units, the construction of large-scale surge chamber is very necessary for diversion power plant.For the ultra long distance water diversion system of Jinping-II, hydraulic transition process is very complex, the main features are very long period of fluctuations , large amplitude of vibration and slow decay of fluctuations. The decay of fluctuations in differential surge chamber is faster than that in throttled surge tanks. The required volume is also smaller for differential surge tank, but there is risk for the riser structural. Semi-differential surge tank with lower elevation of riser wall, only to retain the well hydraulic performance of differential surge tank, reducing the risk of the riser wall. In this paper, the minimum water level in surge tank and the maximum level difference between the riser and the main chamber are chosen as the two optimization objectives, the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) is applied for the optimization of semi-differential surge tank parameters, including the area of throttled orifice at the bottom of the riser and main chamber ,the height of overflow weir at the top of riser wall. The Pareto optimal solution set of optimized parameters has been founded.According to the requirements of surge chamber prototype design and model scale ratio, we chose the model test materials, designed and manufactured the normality physical model of Jinping-II, which is arranged at the new building of hydraulic and hydropower engineering in Tsinghua university. Model test data was collected by the DJ800 multifunctional monitoring system. Pressure sensors were used to measure the hydrodynamic pressure values and waves measuring instruments were used to measure water level in the main chamber and risers.Through test results of normal physical model according to the original design, maximum hydrodynamic pressure of the pressure pipes, the maximum, minimum water level in main chamber and risers, the maximum horizontal stress on the riser walls were founded and analyzed. We knew various conventional control conditions when extreme values occurred and pointed out the key issues.According to the optimized results of Jinping-II, we chose three difference values for each optimization parameters. Considering the practical possibilities of the model, the three set of values are within the optimization range while maintaining a certain distance. We particularly selected the normal conditions when the highest, lowest water level in surge tank, the maximum pressure difference on the bottom of surge tank, the maximum pressure on riser wall occurred. According to the results of the test, parameters were optimized. Sensitivity analysis shows the relationship between optimized objections and parameters given before. The area of orifice at the bottom of main chamber and risers, the height of overflow weir are recommended.