随着经济建设的发展，人类对水资源的需求与日俱增。我国的大江大河上均已建成许多水利水电工程。在带来巨大经济效益和社会效益的同时，水利水电工程也对环境和生态产生一定程度影响。嫩江是松花江的最大支流，是我国东北地区的重要河流之一。嫩江流域水资源丰富，尤其是上游河段，河谷狭窄，河道坡降大，水流湍急，具有极大的开发潜能。然而，至今开发利用程度相对较低。为增进嫩江流域水资源的开发利用程度，拟在嫩江境内干流上修建九寨、红石两座水电站。其中，九寨水电站建在固固河汇入处附近，属径流式水电站，红石水电站建在门鲁河上游河道拐弯处，属引水式水电站。梯级水电站兴建将对流域环境产生一定的影响，例如造成淹没和脱水河段，淹没区将影响动、植物的活动范围、栖息环境等，脱水段将影响水生生物的生活、繁殖、洄游等。因此，有必要对嫩江流域水电开发进行环境影响评价，对规划和建设项目实施后可能造成的环境影响进行分析、预测和评估，并进而提出相应的预防或减轻不良环境影响的对策和措施、跟踪监测的方法与制度等，在经济效益和环境保护之间找到平衡点，真正践行可持续发展理念。本研究采用数学模型、理论分析及计算，结合现场勘查、资料搜集梳理、数据分析相结合的研究方法。针对尼尔基水库上游流域进行环境影响评价研究。具体研究成果包括：1．环境质量现状评价。主要内容包括区域地形地貌、工程地质、气象、水文条件；区域水环境、大气环境、声环境、生态环境等；区域生态功能区划、环境功能区划、主要环境保护目标和重要环境敏感区；自然资源（主要是鱼类）的保有量、分布情况、开发利用现状。2．规划环境影响评价。针对规划和计划的主要内容从环境保护的角度进行考量和评估，本着可持续发展的理念，寻求实现当地经济社会发展与生态环境相协调的对策方案，使经济发展与环境保护实现共赢，促进当地社会和谐和发展。3．建设项目环境影响评价。针对嫩江干流建造两座水电站的建设项目和开发活动，进行环境影响的评估，提出防治环境污染和生态破坏的对策措施。研究结果表明，工程建设符合国家产业政策和地方发展规划，具有较大的经济和社会效益。工程建设对环境产生的主要不利影响为河段阻隔引起的水生生态结构改变，在一定程度上使冷水性鱼类的数量减少并改变鱼类的生境。这些影响可以通过运营期的一系列保护措施得到缓解，例如设置鱼类增殖站、保证一定的下泄流量等。
With the development of the society, the demand for water resource grows rapidly. There are a large number of Hydropower engineering projects in China. These projects brings great economic benefits and social benefits, as well as adverse impacts, on the other hand, on the environment and ecology. Nenjiang River is the largest tributary of the Songhua River, with length of 404 km and basin area of 41,000 square km. The water temperature of river is low, and the water velocity is fast. Therefore, the river is a good habitat for cold-water type fish. Its major tributaries include Colo River, Menlu River, Wodu River and Gugu River. The upstream has a good vegetation cover and is abundant in species.Nenjiang River is rich in water resource, especially the upper reaches where the river valley is narrow and steep. It has great development potential, but up to now the utilization degree has been relatively low. In order to promote the development and utilization of water resource, two hydropower stations, named Jiuzhai and Hongshi, are planned to be built on the Nenjiang River. Jiuzhai station will be built in Gugu river confluence of Nenjiang River, and it is dam-type hydropower station. Hongshi station will be built on the bend of Menlu River, and it is a diversion type hydropower station On the other hand, the development of cascade hydropower stations will result in some environmental and ecological problems certainly, such as flood and dehydrated area etc.. It is necessary, therefore, to carry out environmental impact assessment research throughout whole construction of cascade hydropower stations in Nenjiang River. With presentation of relevant measures to prevent or mitigate adverse environmental impacts, the final aim is achieved to find a balance between economic development and environment protection. These are of really practice of sustainable development principle.In this dissertation, by means of research methods of mathematical model and theoretical analysis, combined with field exploration, data collection and data analysis, the study result of environmental impact of hydropower development for the upstream basin of Nierji reservoir is presented. The main results include:1. Environmental Quality Assessment. The main contents include comprehensive assessment of regional topography, geological, meteorological phenomena, hydrological conditions; regional water environment, atmospheric environment, acoustic environment, ecological environment; regional ecological function zoning, environmental function zoning, the main environmental objectives and environmentally sensitive areas; the amount, distribution, utilization status of Natural Resources (mainly fish).2. Planning environmental impact assessment study. Plans and programs are considered and assessed from an environmental perspective, in line with the concept of sustainable development, seeking to achieve the balance of local economic development and ecological environment, and achieve a win-win situation of economic development and environmental protection, and promote local social harmony and development.3. Construction project environmental impact assessment study. The study carries out environmental impact assessment for the construction of two hydroelectric projects and other development activities in Nenjiang River, and puts forward effective countermeasures to prevent environmental pollution and ecological destruction.The results show that the construction of the project is in accordance with the industrial policies of the nation and local development plan, and has great economic benefits and social benefits. The project itself produces little pollution during operation period. By taking the corresponding environmental protection measures, most adverse impacts can be mitigated and limited to a certain degree.
