本文以新疆坎儿井为研究对象，运用田野调查法、访谈法，科学实践哲学、人类学的地方性知识视角和技术哲学理论，详细考察了坎儿井文化具有代表性的四种文化模式，以及在这些模式中社会交往秩序的建立和维护的过程；考查了在现代文化冲击下传统坎儿井技术文化的支解过程；最后在技术哲学的理论背景下分析了在坎儿井工程建造过程中文化的生成过程和工程完成后进驻文化的过程。本文选取了能代表坎儿井技术文化的四种模式。首先考查了技艺模式的文化形态，围绕坎儿井掏挖场域呈现出来的不仅是环境的恶劣和劳动的艰辛，还有选择水源地时口耳相传的传承知识，暗渠定向中流露出的设计智慧和工具巧用中独到的领悟力。仪式形态的祭祀文化不仅传达了先民对自然的敬畏，同时也揭示了在仪式的导向作用下建构秩序的过程。以民间艺术的形式呈现的文化，通过房屋结构设计中坎儿井功能的利用、岩画对坎儿井的勾画或是肢体语言等这些抽象的艺术表现形式，成功地展示了他们内心深处对坎儿井的热爱，建构了他们的生态观、自然观。以神话、传说和习俗形式存在的文化模式，不仅塑造了本民族形象，也讴歌了真善美，建立了朴素的价值观和世界观。本文认为，造成坎儿井地位下降、人际序列重构、文化多样性消失的直接原因是现代化冲击、政府管理体制的不合理、支撑地方性知识运行的权力要素能量的降低。而进一步促成这种现状的背景是不适当的宣传、不合理的补助和商业利益的驱使，使得坎儿井的地位首先在人们大脑意识中地位降低，进而是实体坎儿井的迅速消失。因而，树立民族自信、进行地方性文化教育、重塑地方性“标尺”是拯救多样性文化消失的当务之急。本文在技术哲学的理论背景下分析了技术过程生成文化，技术完成凝聚文化，生活过程运行文化，历史发展展示文化的过程。在坎儿井的建造过程，坎匠使工具“具身”扩大身体的能力，具身工具带出工具文化场域，“意向弧”投射出坎匠与世界之间的意蕴关联。在技术完成后进驻文化的过程，坎儿井成为人们生活的“焦点物”，人们生活的中心和心灵休憩的场所，成为滞留过去、前摄未来、活的当下的文化场域。本文作者通过对坎儿井多文化模式展示和多视角解读，尝试在科技哲学领域对坎儿井技术文化进行逻辑梳理和重构，同时也表达了自己对这一过程的理解。
This article took the Xinjiang Karez as the object of study, under the anthropological perspective of local knowledge, by using anthropological field work method and interview method, the theories of philosophy of scientific practice and philosophy of technology, in the first place, analyzed the four cultural patterns as representation as Karez’s Tech-Culture and the process of establishment and maintenance of the order of social interaction in detail. In addition, it explored also the process of dismemberment of the Karez culture under the impact from modern culture and traditional Karez’s Tech-Culture. What’s more, under the context of the theory of philosophy of technology, it discussed the procedure of production of Tech-Culture and cultural congelation after the Karez works having been completed.Four patterns were selected to represent Tech-Culture of Karez in this paper. Firstly, the cultural forms of craft model was examined, not only the poor environment and hard work but the heritable orally knowledge of finding water source and digging qanats, the wisdom of orientation in conveyer channel, and the unique savvy in using tools around the Karez field were presented. Secondly, ritual form of worship culture conveyed not only the ancestors’ respect to the nature, but also revealed the process of order’s construction under the guiding of ceremony. Thirdly, the cultural pattern of folk art successfully demonstrated local people’s love to Karez through the abstract expression of housing structure design by making full use of karez’ merits, rock paintings or body language in dancing, and constructed their ecological and natural view. The last but not the least, the cultural pattern of myths, legends and customs not only created national characters, but also eulogized Truth, Empathy & Beauty and established views of natiure and world-view. This paper argued the direct causes of the declination of Karez status, the reconstruction of interpersonal order and the disappearance of cultural diversity were the impact of modernization, the unreasonable management system from government, the decreasing power supporting local knowledge to run. Further, the background contributing to this situation were the inappropriate advocacy with unreasonable subsidy and interests driven by commerce, which made the status of Karez decline first in the consciousness of the human brain then the entity Karez reduce rapidly. Thus setting up national confidence, carrying out the local culture education, reshaping the local "scale" were the imperative way to saving the disappearance of cultural diversity. This dissertation analyzed the process of the procedure of cultural production in technology, cultural congelation after the technological worke having been completed, cultural movement in lifeworld, and cultural demonstration in historical development under the theoretical background of the philosophy of technology. In the building procedure of Karez, the karakas embodied the tool to expand their body’s ability, embodiment tools brought their culture to the field, and “intention arc” reflected the involvement and significance between karadas and the surrounding world. After the Karez having been completed, and dipping into the Tech-Culture, the Karez were becaming "focal things" of life, a center of people's lives, a resting place of heart, and a cultural field of retention, protention, and the living present.The author attempted to find the logical clue of the Tech-Culture of Karez and reconstructed them in the area of technological philosophy. The process of writing showed the author’s understanding and interpretation.
