唐季五代丧乱之后，面对来自周遭异邦的挑战，如何运用合理有效的文化策略，稳固社会秩序，重建国家权威，安内以攘外，成为宋代官方和士人所面临的重要命题。在他们看来，当时流行于世的丧葬习俗，不仅礼义尽失，背离儒家经典，还深受异族文化的浸染，传统的孝道伦理观念早已变得暧昧不清，中唐时期李翺对吉凶之礼谬乱、夷狄之风变乎诸夏的担忧，俨然已成现实，故而积极致力于丧葬礼俗教化，以期医时救弊。 本文试图探究礼俗教化的运行机制，梳理并分析了宋代士人批评丧葬习俗的动机、内容与目标，并从作仪以范、设刑戒恶、旌闾变里、慈善助教等四个方面考察了宋代官方和士人如何通过丧葬礼俗整顿来力图重建道德与社会秩序，反思、辩正并补充了前人的部分研究成果，如火葬盛行区域、官私修礼书的古今损益原则等，最后以闽地为例作了较为微观的分析。 基于上述研究，本文认为：出于对“以夷变华”的警惕，以及重振业已变异的儒家孝道观念、挽回世道人心的需要，宋代官方和士人重点针对道场超度中的表演鼓吹、火葬、停尸不葬、张衢宴饮等丧葬习俗展开批评，体现了新的时代特征。官修礼书运用“降杀以两”等方法，首次将“庶人丧仪”纳入国家礼典，私修仪典由“偏向经注”转向“实用仪注”，加快了唐代以来礼仪庶民化的进程；法律条文增加对丧葬行为的规约，在服议或司法审判之时，强调孝治名教的优先权，与此同时，利用旌表居丧营葬孝行以激劝世俗，强化地方官的宣教职能；注重施善与权力的关系，首次在官方收瘞尸骸的慈善行为中附加了礼俗教化的意义；丧葬礼俗教化因地因时而各有偏重，宋代官方和士人在闽地的教化实践，为我们提供了一个微观考察的范本，呈现了学术权力、地方文化和礼俗教化之间的互动关系。 总体而言，宋代丧葬礼俗教化呈现出：官方和士人共力、刑罚和旌赏相辅、施善与教化互促、学理与实践结合等特征。宋人砥砺道德、规约风俗以强化国力的种种举措及其成败，对明清影响甚巨。
After the disturbance of Tang and Five Dynasty, facing the threat from the minority nations around, it was necessary and important for officials and scholars in Song Dynasty to use reasonable and effective cultural strategies to stabilize the politics and economy of the inner society and rebuild the authority of the country. They believed that the funeral customs of that time in Song Dynasty not only departed from the Confucian canons and lost etiquette, but also was seriously affected by those ethnic culture. And the traditional Confucian ethics of filial piety had become ambiguous. The etiquette for good or funeral was in a mess then, which seemed that the minority culture overflowed the Central China plains. Therefore, in order to solve the problem, they purposely moralized the funeral customs. Currently, few studies are made systematically on the moralization of etiquette and customs. This dissertation sorts out and analyzes the motive, content and purpose of Song people’s critiques on funeral customs. And it investigates the following five aspects to explain how did the authority and scholars moralize the ordinary people through funeral customs during Song dynasty: give good models for people to follow, punish bad behaviors, praise those who have done well, use charity to moralize, take actions that suit local circumstances. This makes reflection and supplement to the previous studies, such as the areas of prevalence of cremation, the advantage and disadvantage of amending ritual books by government and non-government Based on the above study, this dissertation trusts that in order to prevent the “ prevalence of the ethnic culture in central china” and save the lost morals, Song need to advocate the Confucian filial piety values again. They focused the critiques on some funeral customs, such as singing in funerals, cremation, leave the body alone without any burial, have a dinner party for funeral. etc. The newly official ritual books used the principals of “descending two according to official ranks each time” ，which was the first time to make funeral rituals for common people and put them into national ritual books. The ritual books written by non-officials changed from literal attention to practical function, which accelerated the popularization of etiquette in common people. And through the regulation of the funeral behaviors in law, the priority was given to the Confucian ethnics. At the same time, the government encouraged the common people by praising good funeral customs and emphasized the local officials’ role in moralization. They pay attention to the relationship between charity and power, for example, it is the first time to add the moralization of ritual and customs in the national cemetery. In addition, ritual moralization for funeral had regional differences. The funeral customs in Min (FuJian province) was a good example for us to study, which presented the detailed interaction between knowledge power, local culture and ritual moralization. In general, the moralization of funeral rituals in Song dynasty presents the following characteristics: the cooperation between the official and the civil, award and punishment, charity and moralization, the integration of the theory and practice. etc. What Song people had done has a great influence on Ming dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which also provides some revelation for current culture construction in China.
