美国哈佛大学政府系教授迈克尔•桑德尔是当代政治哲学界炙手可热的人物，从批评罗尔斯及其代表的自由主义所设定的“无约束的自我观念”的开始，他就进入了当代政治哲学的对话当中，并成为批判罗尔斯以及程序自由主义的主要代表人物。本文基于桑德尔的政治理论著作，分别从他早期对罗尔斯的批判以及后期对公民共和主义的复兴与构建这两个层面进行分析，并认定他的政治哲学主旨为：反对政治与道德的分离，并努力重新将道德之维度引入政治。根据这一主旨，本文进一步认为，桑德尔的政治哲学实际上是基于一种共和主义的立场，而并非目前学界所普遍认定的共同体主义的立场。在给桑德尔的政治哲学主旨和基本立场重新定立基调之后，本文主要从共和主义的角度深入桑德尔的理论内部，详细梳理并讨论了桑德尔的政治哲学思想。 在桑德尔看来，无约束的自我观念、正当对善的优先性以及政府中立性的理想共同构成了程序自由主义的核心。因此，本文对桑德尔批判理论的思考主要围绕这三个主题，首先从道德主体之性质以及行动主体之能力这两个维度、并结合差异原则和无知之幕考察了他对罗尔斯“无约束之自我”的批评；也在此基础上考量了桑德尔所提出的“构成性的自我观念”。其次，本文通过考察桑德尔对正当之优先性的批判指出，这一批判是桑德尔政治哲学理论的基石与轴心。正是由于桑德尔反对正当对善的优先性，他才会反对政府之中立性的理想，并进一步反对政治与道德的脱离；从而在政治哲学立场上选择共和主义的传统并加以复兴。本文的后半部分主要集中讨论桑德尔对公民共和主义及其核心观念的论述，阐述他对这些核心观念的论述及其所具有的模糊性和融合性。并在此基础上指出，桑德尔在共和主义核心观念上所具有的模糊性源自于他对某些自由主义观念的隐约认同与融合。这与其说是桑德尔本人的问题，还不如说是共和主义传统在当代的必然发展趋势。基于这些判断，本文站在认同共和主义的立场之上，提出一种“融合性的共和主义”，以尝试给共和主义在当代更为合理的发展寻求一种路径。最后，本文指出，桑德尔政治哲学的最重要的意义在于他对道德与政治之关系的重新肯定与强调，本文进一步结合新中国发展道路的历史选择，肯定了他这一思想在当代中国政治现实中的意义。
Michael Sandel, a professor of the Government Department of Harvard University, is a famous philosopher in the field of Contemporary Political Philosophy. From the moment he criticized the “unencumbered self” of Rawlian Liberalism, he came into the discourse of Contemporary Political Philosophy, and became a leading figure in the criticism of Rawls and the Procedural Liberalism.Based on Sandel’s works on Political Theory, this dissertation analyzes his criticism of Rawls in his earlier works, and his recent efforts on reviving the Civic Republicanism. According to these analyses, it regards Republicanism, rather than Communitarianism, as Sandel’s standpoint, and points out that his main effort is to fill the discussion of politics with the consideration of morality. Then, it furture explores Sandel’s political theory, assessing his criticism of Rawlsian Liberalism and his ideas on Civic Republicanism. In Sandel’s point of view, the Procedural Republic is constituted of the encumbered self, the priority of right over the good, and the neutrality of the state. Accordingly, this dissertation concentrates on these three topics when assessing Sandel’s criticism of Rawls. Firstly, combined with the consideration on the Difference Princinple, the Original Position and the Veil of Ignorance, it examines Sandel’s criticism of Rawl’s unencumbered self from two different perspectives: the character of the subject, and the ability of the agent. Secondly, it points out that Sandel’s criticism of the priority of the right is the core of his political theory. It is because Sandel objects the priority of the right over the good, that he objects the neutrality of the state and the separation of politics and morality. Based on these ideas, Sandel chooses the tradition of Republicanism as his standpoint and tries to revive it.The following chapters of this dissertation thus concentrate on Sandel’s Civic Republicanism. It examines the main ideas of his Republicanism and points out that some of his ideas are ambiguous, and that he has combined some ideas of Liberalism with his ideas on Republicanism. That’s because he has to accept some basic values and ideas of other political ideas, such as Liberalism, Pluralism, etc. This is not the problem of Sandel’s Civic Republicanism. It is the trend of contemporary development for Republicanism. Based on these judgments, this dissertation agrees with the main arguments of Republicanism, and offers a kind of “Combined Republicanism” in order to develop Republicanism better and more reasonably. At last, the dissertation points out that the significance of Sandel’s Political Republicanism lies in his emphasis on the relationship of politics and morality. He realizes the importance of morality to politics, and tires to recombine the two together. His effort on this also has significance to the development of political theory in China.
