唐宋之际道教所发生的大变革——从外丹到内丹的变化，以及重玄学思潮对这一巨变的理论影响，学术界已经取得了丰富的研究成果。但仍有一些领域与问题需要进一步拓展。本论文试图在晚唐政教关系机制变迁与修道格局变化的大背景下，对以往研究中较少关注的晚唐五代教外修道者进行考察，从基层道教信仰和修行这一特定视角，揭示以气法为中心的修道方法兴起与此教外修道者的内在联系，为阐释唐宋之际道教从外丹向内丹的转变，提供了新的研究思路。本论文的学术创新表现在以下三个方面：其一，初唐、盛唐的国教化、宫观化和规范化是唐代道教异于前代的特色，这种由政府强势介入的宗教形态造成了道士的官方身份化与宫观的世俗化。同时，在官方规范化的宫观道教体制之外，产生了大量教外修道者。中唐之后社会政治动荡引发了政教关系变化，尤其元和以后爆发的宫观道教危机，使教外修道者这一原本边缘化的群体日益壮大，成为道教变革的社会载体。其二，晚唐教外修道者利用新政教关系拓展其声望，并逐渐取代宫观道教成为新的神圣代表和修道风气的引领者。通过对其在晚唐思想与活动情况的考察，证明了教外修道突破宫观道教科仪、法箓、戒律等规范制度和经教体系的束缚，利用直接神圣感遇重建神圣性；基于私人关系的小团体中的道法秘传，围绕新的技法展开修道活动；利用信道士人的认同，基于地方声望拓展其社会影响力。总之，打破了过去围绕教内精英思想展开修道的格局。其三，通过细致梳理晚唐气法由教外修道者的推行而出现的理论上和实践上的变化，深入考察唐中前期以重玄学为代表的精英理论对修道的影响，以及教外修道者对之的理解、体行等情况，证明了晚唐以气法为代表的多元修道方法吸收盛唐时代精英界关于道体和修道的理论成果，消弭了长生与成仙之间的理论界限；拓展过去作为长生方的修道方法，建立起具有简单化、直接化和内在化特征的新修道方法，包括新经典的出现和对过去道教经典的改造等。为晚唐道教作为内丹道的兴起前奏提供了新的证据。最后，通过对五代政教关系、修道方法、地方传统重建的研究，论证了五代是对晚唐道教修道发展的进一步继续。
Taoism transforming from Tang to Song have a wealth of research results. But there are still some areas and issues that needed further development. This thesis try to study Ascetics outside Taoist Temple based the change of Church-State Relations and Monastic pattern in late Tang. I try to study the rising of new “Qi” method and the relation to Ascetics outside Taoist Temple in a particular perspective which is Taoist beliefs and practice of grassroots. It will provide a new interpretation thinking about Taoism transform for Tang to Song dynasty. Specifically, first, Tang religious policy, Taoist temple and Ascetics outside Temple. State religion, Standardization of Taoism in Early Tang were quite different from the past. This caused Secularization and arise of Ascetics outside Temple. Second, based on politic, social and cultural reformed, I demonstrated Taoism crisis after Yanhe period. And discussed the change of Taoism-State Relations. Third, the activity and thought of ascetics in late Tang. These groups became the leader of Monasticism of Taoism by using new Taoism-State Relations to expand their reputation. Through research of Taoist beliefs and practice of grassroots, get the Basic features of monasticism and affect from social and cultural background in late Tang. Fourth, Qi method rising in late Tang and relation to Ascetics outside Taosit. This thesis meticulous analyses the changing of Qi method which practiced and promoted by ascetics outside Taoist Temple. Then analyse the affect of the Double-Xuan school in early Tang to grassroots. The comprehension and practice of grassroots which affect by Elite theory also be studied. I demonstrated multiple methods of monasticism in late Tang Chang the old monastic method represented in Alchemy. And new Simplification immediate and Internalization monastic method was established in late Tang and Five Dynasties. This is the new proof of theory which claimed late Tang and Five Dynasties was the preparation of Inner Alchemy rising in middle Song dynasty.
