文革结束后，中国进入了现代化建设的新时期。与政治经济形势的变动相配合，文学也出现了新的发展。在现代化的中心命题下，西方现代主义、后现代主义思潮不断传入，文学发展中出现了“现代派”的新潮流。在经过寻根小说、新潮小说之后，先锋小说作为中国新时期现代派文学的集大成者，以切断自己与真实历史的联系为代价脱离了政治的控制，实现了文学的真正独立。从确立自律的纯文学艺术体制角度来讲，先锋小说在中国当代文学史上成为了不可忽视的坐标。上个世纪80、90年代之交，中国的社会经济政治都发生了很大变化，中国的市场经济日趋形成，文学的发展也进入了商品化时代。在脱离了意识形态话语的干涉以后，先锋小说在对抗新兴的大众文化方面显得软弱无力：先锋小说个人的心理深度被削平，某些独创的艺术形式被大众文化借用而失去了实验性，它们所借用的存在主义等非理性资源在大众文化中走向了欲望化和奇观化的极端。迫于这些压力，先锋小说在被经典化之后出现了批评界普遍注意到的落潮。后起的晚生代作家为了实现文学史内部的革命和创新，打出了“断裂”的旗号，他们将作者的主体身份进一步降低，借助大众文化中的后现代精神资源对先锋小说的精英姿态进行反拨。但在进行借用的同时，晚生代小说本身仍在为保持自己区分于大众文化文本的独特性做出努力。通过对文本的对比与分析，我们发现：20世纪90年代以来，先锋文本所确立的“个人性”、“形式感”以及“非理性叙事”等特性已然成为纯文学体制的一些内在要求，深刻地影响了后代作家的创作。关于90年代文学是80年代的延续还是断裂，批评界和理论界都存在争议。本文试图从具体文本出发，分析出90年代以后的小说作家对80年代先锋小说精神既有继承又有发展的特点，以及其既要反叛前代经典，又要同时区分于当代大众文化的艰难处境。本文受到福柯学说的一定影响，最终希望能够通过分析和阐释，让读者对当代纯文学概念不断被建构的过程有所认知。
AbstractChina took on her new march to modernization after the Culture Revolution. With the tremendous political and economical transformations, Chinese literature also experienced new developments. Focused on the topic of modernization, the so-called modernism trend emerged in Chinese literature as a result of the introduction of western modernism and postmodernism. Avant-garde fiction, as the successor of the “root-searching” fiction and the “new-tide” fiction, and also the epitome of Chinese modernism literature in her “new period”, achieved the real independence from political domination at the expense of the renunciation from the real history. As to the establishment of pure literature system, avant-garde fiction served as an unneglected coordinate index. Since 1980’s to 1990’s, China has been experiencing enormous social, economic and political changes. Market economy with Chinese characteristics is becoming more and more matured. Consequently, avant-garde fiction, detached from the ideological intervention, was vulnerable to various mass media booming during this period: the deepness of individual mentality was leveled off, the original literature form was copied by popular literature so as to lose its avant-courier character, and existentialism turned to erotic marvelous spectacle in popular literature. Under this circumstance, avant-garde fiction began to ebb straight after it was accepted and acknowledged. In order to reconstruct their own literature history, writers from the later generations, under the banner of “rupture”, recruited ample postmodernism’s spiritual resource of popular literature to lower the elite pose of the avant-garde fictions. Nevertheless, they also endeavored to preserve their individuality and peculiarity to differ from the popular literature. After systematic analysis and comparison of some selected texts, we can find that it was evident that many characteristics of avant-garde fiction such as “individuation”, “formalism”, “anti-logic” etc. have become immanent requirements of contemporary Chinese writers who are pursuing the strategies of pure literature. They influenced the following writers profoundly.Controversies concerning the relationship between literature in 1980's and in 1990's do exist in the literary study and critical circles. Did 1990’s literature derive from 1980’s or break from 1980’s? Influenced by Michel Foucault’s theory, by analyzing some selected cases, this paper tries to elucidate the sustained building process of contemporary pure literature conception in China.
