苏联解体自民族纷争始，以国家分裂终，民族问题是主要诱因之一。研究和分析苏联的民族政策，有助于更准确地把握苏联解体的民族因素。学术界对苏联民族政策给予了不同程度的关注，随着前苏联相关档案文献的陆续解密和公布，其研究成果达到了前所不及的广度和力度，但涉及斯大林民族政策及其与苏联解体的关系缺乏系统研究，这是本课题研究中的薄弱环节。有鉴于此，论文中试图论述斯大林民族政策的失误对苏联解体产生的重大影响，希望对多民族国家制定正确的民族政策、吸取苏联解体的经验教训提供借鉴和参考。论文中主要论及以下三方面的问题：第一、回顾前斯大林时期俄国的民族政策。沙俄是“各族人民的监狱”，俄国民族问题的症结在于推行大俄罗斯主义。十月革命前后，列宁制定的民族平等、民族自决的民族政策获得成功，使尖锐的民族矛盾有所缓解，但民族问题依然复杂。第二、分析斯大林民族政策失误的主要原因。马列主义民族理论所固有的时代局限、斯大林民族理论的失误和浓厚的大俄罗斯主义情结、复杂的国际国内形势等综合因素，是斯大林民族政策出现失误的主要原因。第三、阐述斯大林时期民族政策失误的主要表现及其对苏联解体产生的巨大影响。斯大林时期民族政策的失误主要表现在大俄罗斯主义的消极影响、苏联国体——联邦制的实际变形、民族经济的畸形发展、对民族发展规律理解的严重偏离、对民族矛盾与阶级矛盾认识的特别混淆、对民族干部问题处理的极端扭曲等方面。民族政策的失误，使原有的民族矛盾未能得到解决，反而又积累了许多新的问题和矛盾，可谓“旧疤又添新痕”，这就严重恶化了各民族之间的关系，使各民族之间凝聚力不断减弱、离心力不断增强，大俄罗斯民族意识和地方民族意识两种民族分离主义意识不断膨胀。而斯大林之后的历届领导人都没有走出斯大林民族政策的阴影，积弊深重的民族矛盾没能得到解决或缓解，民族问题积重难返，从而为多民族国家联盟的解体埋下祸根。

Among the factors which brought the Soviet Union into collapse, the most leading one is the ethnic problem. It is very helpful to understand the disintegration of the Soviet Union accurately by Studying and analyzing the ethnic policy of the Soviet Union.Much attention has been paid to the ethnic policy of the Soviet Union by scholars from various perspectives. With the decoding and promulgating of the related documents of the pre-Soviet Union, the related researches have reached an unprecedented degree. However, no systematic study has hitherto been made of the impact of Stalin’s ethnic policy. This is the reason why the topic is focused on this thesis. Furthermore, the author wants to provide some lessons for the making the ethnic policy for the multi-ethnic countries. In this study, the relationship of fallacies of Stalin's ethnic theory and policy with the fall of the Soviet Union is analyzed in three parts:In the first part, the author reviews the Russian ethnic policy in the pre-Stalin age. Great Russian ethnocentrism and the heritage of the traditional Russian culture are the most important reason of the ethnic problem of Russia. After the October Revolution, the ethnic policy on an equal footing drawn up by Lenin has succeeded and relaxed the ethnic contradictions in some degree, but the ethnic problem is still complicated. In the second part, analysis is concentrated on the main and obvious fallacies of Stalin’s ethnic theory and policy. The limitation of the times of the ethnic theory of Marxism-Leninism, the faulty of the ethnic theory of Stalin, the great Russian ethnocentrism complex, and the complicated international and domestic situation are the main origins of the faulty of Stalin’s ethnic policy.In the third part, a study is made of impacts of Stalin’s ethnic theory and policy on the disintegration of the Soviet Union. The faults of Stalin’s ethnic theory and policy are inevitably reflected in the such aspects as the negative influence by the great Russian ethnocentrism, the real changing of the federal system of the Soviet Union, the lopsided development of the national economy, the severe deviation in the understanding of the ethnic developmental regularity, the mixing of the ethnic contradictions and the class contradictions, the ultimate deformity of dealing with the ethnic leaders, etc.The faulty ethnic policy of Stalin, particularly the great Russian ethnocentrism led to the rise of two ethnic consciousnesses, i.e., separatism of the great Russian ethnic group and the separatism of the local ethnic groups. The confrontation of the two main factors at last led to the breakup of the Soviet Union. Also, none of the Soviet leaders after Stalin have gone out of Stalin’s shadow. The severe national contradiction has not been solved or relaxed, thus sowing the seeds of misfortune of the disintegration of the Soviet Union.