本文运用二十世纪三十年代在浙江农村进行的实地调查资料，结合对近代浙江租佃制度的研究，分析了1927－1948年间国民党在浙江进行的一次土地制度改革试验――二五减租。本文指出，近代浙江的租佃制度在地租形态、地租率、地权分配等方面呈现出复杂的地方性，而国民党二五减租政策仓促出台，各项具体措施的设计未能充分考虑到这种现实的复杂性，试图以国家政策干预地方在长期历史发展中形成的传统经济秩序，理想与现实的冲突引发了大量的纠纷，使改革难以为继，被迫步步退让，不断修改政策以迁就现实。本文总结浙江租佃制度的特点为：地租形态以实物定额租和货币地租占绝对优势，押租盛行，劳役地租和各种额外勒索少，业主主要是通过经济手段而非超经济手段剥削农民。由于自然条件复杂多样，耕作制度内容丰富，加以土地生产力的自然差异，造成地租额参差不齐。佃农在农户中所占的比例约为30－40％，与半自耕农和自耕农的比例大体相当，再加上永佃权十分发达，使佃农、半自耕农的身份复杂化。一方面农户使用的耕地中租入土地的比重相当大，另一方面农户又多少都拥有一些自己的土地。而不论在哪一类农户，耕种不到十亩田地的过小经营都占有最大的比例。在此浙江租佃制度的背景之下，国民党二五减租政策的措施，不仅改变业主与佃农的利益分配比例，而且改变利益分配的方法，即要求用分成法来确定地租额，否定经过长期自然选择的定额地租形态。大量佃业纠纷固然因不同阶级利益的重新分配而产生，也因减租政策设计的技术缺陷而产生。同时，二五减租政策没有考虑到浙江人地比例高度紧张的现实条件。面对要求减租的佃农和佃业间的纠纷，业主优先选择的解决方式是撤佃，浙江的租佃经济条件中，没有一种压力迫使业主必须与佃农协商以维持租佃关系。尽管减租政策不断加强对撤佃的限制，业主仍然不断用这种方法来规避减租，并且倾向于利用押租来弥补减租的损失。执行减租政策的机关几经变更，更反映了减租政策从社会改革退缩为经济制度调整的立场变化。
This paper uses a series of investigation material, which had been gone on in the countryside of Zhejiang province in 1930's of 20th century. Combines with researches of tenancy system in Zhejiang during modern times, the paper has analyzed the land reform test from 1927 - 1948 by KMT party, the "25% rent reduce". The paper points out, the tenancy system in Zhejiang appeared a complicated localistic character in its form and proportion of renting land, the ownership of peasants. KMT failed to have all the complicate matters in its consideration when it tried to promote the "25% rent reduce" policy rapidly. In it’s efforts, the KMT intended to interpose the traditional economic order which had formed in the development in a long historic time with government policy, caused a large number of conflicts between the idea and reality. Facing such great difficulties, the Reform had to stop its pace and made series concessions, revised its version to yield to the reality. The paper sums up the features of tenancy system in Zhejiang: the rent form is mainly in object quota and money, and mortgage rent is quite popular. It is rare that labor or extra extorting were used as rent. The landlord tried to get more from peasant principally by means of the economic but not some way out of economic means. Owing to the fact that the natural condition is complicated and diversified, content of the cultivation system is rich; in addition the natural difference goes on The capacity of land production, the rent number became quite uneven.The proportion that the tenant-peasant is about 30 - 40%, roughly the same as semi-owner-peasant and owner-peasant. To add the right of permanent tenancy is flourishing, the social status of tenant-peasant and semi- semi-owner peasant were complicated. Generally, Renting land was in a big proportion of the whole which peasant families possessed to do it’s cultivation work; but same time, some of them had ownless or more land for themselves. But no matter how the proportion was, the small-scale in excessive, which say, less than 10 mu in one family was in normal. With the background of tenancy system in Zhejiang, the land reform policy of " 25% rent reduce" which was promoted by the KMT, not only had the benefit distribution changed between the landlords and the tenant-peasants, and had the way to distribute got changed as well. That is, using “percent” to define the amount of tenancy instead of the old one, which had gone on as a result of the long-term natural selection - the quota rent. Large numbers of tenancy dispute which no doubt were because of re- distributions of advantage among different classes, but also some technique defects of designed policies in the rent reducing reform.At the same time, the "25% rent reduce" policy failed to consider the actual condition that the average cultivated land per head in Zhejiang had been very limited. Facing the dispute between tenant-peasants and land owners, the first opts from the landlords usually were taking rent land back from the tenant. There was no social or political “pressure” in tenants economic condition of Zhejiang then which would force the Landlords to negotiate with their tenants in order to maintain the renting agreement.Although the tenant reducing policy tried to strengthen constantly the confinement which would taken back the renting land, the owners still took the due way to avoid their loss from rent reducing, what was more, they inclines to adopted making use of a sort of rent deposit to make up the loss. There were several mechanism which were chose to carry out the rent reducing policy had been changed one by one, reflected the KMT had had it principle changed form tried to promote a social reform to an adjustment of economic system.
